COMMUNICATION STRATEGIES, FOREIGNER TALK, AND REPAIR IN INTERLANGUAGE ¹

Abstract

A framework for the study of interlanguage strategies of communication, production, and learning is established, and rigorous criteria are proposed to define communication strategies within that framework. Research on communication strategies is related to research on foreigner talk (Hatch 1979, Hatch, Shapka, andGough 1978), and repair in interlanguage (Schwartz 1977, Fathman 1980. The claim is made that much of this research focuses on the same kind of phenomenon in interlanguage communication, but that the conceptual frameworks used by researchers investigating communication strategies, foreigner talk, and repair have in the main been different, and hence caused researchers to "see" different things in the same data.

Language Contact: The Case of Japanese in Australia and New Zealand

“…II The use of extemallanguage resources is thus considered to be a means for overcoming lexical difficulties ascribed to the weakened monitoring ability (see 8.3.4 and 8.3.5). In this sense, transference is a "communication strategy" (see Tarone 1980;Fcerch and Kasper 1983;Ellis 1985Ellis , 1994Bialystok 1990;Kasper and Kellerman 1997).…”

Validation of the Oral Interaction Strategy Scale for speakers of Chinese as the first language in elementary schools

“…Alternative definitions of communication strategies have been proposed (Celce-Murcia et al, 1995;Dörnyei & Scott, 1997;Faerch & Kasper, 1983a;Kasper, 2009;Tarone, 1981). According to their research, the definitions provided in the aforementioned studies can be cate-gorized under two competitive approaches: the psycholinguistic view (e.g., Faerch & Kasper, 1983a;Littlemore, 2001) and the interactional view (e.g., Tarone, 1980;Williams, Inscoe & Tasker, 1997).…”

“…As a detailed overview of these taxonomies is out of our scope, the present discussion only highlights strategies under the integrative approach that emphasize negotiation of meaning. These strategies are best exemplified by research projects undertaken by Tarone (1980), Dörnyei & Scott (1997), Bejarano et al (1997), Naughton (2006), Nakatani (2006), and Celce-Murcia (2008).…”

“…It involves in persuading for interlocutors to accept other's corrections and correct the errors by themselves. In L2 situations, this concept relates to repair in Tarone (1980), which originally incorporates correction of both linguistic form and content. It is the second connotation that has been of major interest to interactive viewers of L2 communication strategies.…”

“…In different inventories, strategies with the same label might well refer to different things. For instance, repairing in Tarone (1980) refers to reparation of both language forms and meaning, whereas in Bejarano, Levine, Olshtain & Steiner (1997), repairing refers only to reparation of language forms. Therefore, a redefined inventory that clearly defines the nuances of these presumably transferrable interaction strategies is indispensable.…”