Communication—Polyaniline Electrodeposition on Flexible ITO Substrates and the Effect of Curved Electrochemical Conditions

Wirth, Denise M.; Waldman, Laura J.; Petty, Makayla; LeBlanc, Gabriel

doi:10.1149/2.0871913jes

Cited by 8 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…On the 60 Ω/□ films, electrodepositions could be reproducibly generated down to a normalized strain of approximately 0.10 (bending radius of 10 mm) based on quantification of the film coverage using ImageJ (Figure ). At higher strain, the deposition became less consistent, and at a bending radius of 5 mm or tighter, it was limited to the central portion of the electrode, in good agreement with our previous findings . Interestingly, at these higher strained conditions, the electrodeposition could be localized in different regions by changing the location of the electrical connection (Supporting Information Figure S2).…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 90%

“…Understanding the flexibility limits of ITO-PET electrodes for electrochemical applications is important for their practical deployment. This was highlighted in a recent communication from our research group that showed how the electrochemical deposition of polyaniline (PANI) and subsequent electrochemical behavior significantly changed below a bending radius of 7.5 mm . In the current study, we electrodeposited PANI onto commercially available ITO-PET substrates to elucidate the relationship between strain and electrochemical performance.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 83%

“…This was highlighted in a recent communication from our research group that showed how the electrochemical deposition of polyaniline (PANI) and subsequent electrochemical behavior significantly changed below a bending radius of 7.5 mm. 24 In the current study, we electrodeposited PANI onto commercially available ITO-PET substrates to elucidate the relationship between strain and electrochemical performance. 3D-printed electrochemical cells allow for the evaluation of these electrodes under a wide range of bending radii.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Maintaining Electrochemical Performance of Flexible ITO-PET Electrodes under High Strain

Waldman,

Haunert,

Carson

et al. 2024

ACS Omega

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Flexible electrode materials, particularly indium tin oxide (ITO)coated polyethylene terephthalate (PET), have attracted the attention of researchers for a wide variety of applications. However, there has been limited attention to the effects of electrode flexibility during electrochemical processes. In this research article, we studied how bending commercially available ITO-PET electrodes impacts the electrodeposition process of polyaniline (PANI). Thicker ITO layers start cracking at a normalized strain of 0.10 (bending radius of 10 mm), and cracking becomes detrimental to full deposition at a normalized strain of 0.16 or higher (bending radius of 6 mm or lower). Thinner ITO layers were evaluated as electrodes in electrochemical applications; however, the higher resistance of these electrodes prevented uniform electrodeposition of PANI. In order to overcome the issues of cracking, conductive thin films and copper tape were explored as low-cost methods for electrically bridging cracks in the electrode. While conductive thin films reduced the resistance effect, copper tape was found to fully restore the original electrochemical activity as measured by chronoamperometry and enable uniform electrodeposition at a bending radius as low as 3 mm. This strategy was then demonstrated by performing electrochromic bleaching of PANI under high-strain conditions. These studies illustrate some of the limitations of ITO-PET electrodes and strategies for overcoming these limitations for future applications that require a high degree of flexibility in a transparent electrode substrate.

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 90%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 83%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Maintaining Electrochemical Performance of Flexible ITO-PET Electrodes under High Strain

Waldman,

Haunert,

Carson

et al. 2024

ACS Omega

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“…An ITO-PET sheet was employed as a substrate with the aim to ensure some flexibility in the sensors. The sensors were obtained by electrodeposition of polyaniline following the procedure detailed in [68] by use of an electrolytic solution of 100 mM of aniline in 1 M of H 2 SO 4 . In order to deposit PANI, the potentiostatic deposition technique was employed, applying a potential of +2 V vs. SCE for 90 s, in a standard electrochemical system with three electrodes at room temperature.…”

Section: Electrode Fabricationmentioning

confidence: 99%

PANI-Based Wearable Electrochemical Sensor for pH Sweat Monitoring

et al. 2021

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Nowadays, we are assisting in the exceptional growth in research relating to the development of wearable devices for sweat analysis. Sweat is a biofluid that contains useful health information and allows a non-invasive, continuous and comfortable collection. For this reason, it is an excellent biofluid for the detection of different analytes. In this work, electrochemical sensors based on polyaniline thin films deposited on the flexible substrate polyethylene terephthalate coated with indium tin oxide were studied. Polyaniline thin films were abstained by the potentiostatic deposition technique, applying a potential of +2 V vs. SCE for 90 s. To improve the sensor performance, the electronic substrate was modified with reduced graphene oxide, obtained at a constant potential of −0.8 V vs. SCE for 200 s, and then polyaniline thin films were electrodeposited on top of the as-deposited substrate. All samples were characterized by XRD, SEM, EDS, static contact angle and FT-IR/ATR analysis to correlate the physical-chemical features with the performance of the sensors. The obtained electrodes were tested as pH sensors in the range from 2 to 8, showing good behavior, with a sensitivity of 62.3 mV/pH, very close to a Nernstian response, and a reproducibility of 3.8%. Interference tests, in the presence of competing ions, aimed to verify the selectivity, were also performed. Finally, a real sweat sample was collected, and the sweat pH was quantified with both the proposed sensor and a commercial pH meter, showing an excellent concordance.

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“…Beyond their hydrophilic and biocompatible properties, PEO-functionalized ITO nanocrystals could potentially be integrated into electrochromic devices, without the need for additional processing steps to remove the organic layer, since PEO is known to effectively conduct Li + . − However, systematic studies on the influence of surface chemistry and polymer adsorption conditions on the morphology and properties of polymer-wrapped metal oxide nanocrystal thin films are needed toward the systematic engineering of these materials. Indeed, previous developments related to other hybrid polymer/metal oxide structures used as electrochromic materials, such as ITO surfaces functionalized with polythiophene, polypyrrole, or polyaniline, , have shown that the electrochromic response was intrinsically dependent on the polymer processing conditions and resulting composition/thickness.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Aqueous Processing and Spray Deposition of Polymer-Wrapped Tin-Doped Indium Oxide Nanocrystals as Electrochromic Thin Films

et al. 2020

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Plasmonic metal oxide nanocrystals are interesting electrochromic materials because they display high modulation of infrared light, fast switching kinetics, and durability. Nanocrystals facilitate solution-based and high-throughput deposition, but typically require handling hazardous nonaqueous solvents and further processing of the as-deposited film with energy-intensive or chemical treatments. We report on a method to produce aqueous dispersions of tin-doped indium oxide (ITO) by refunctionalizing the nanocrystal surface, previously stripped of its native hydrophobic ligands, with a hydrophilic poly(acrylic acid) polymer featuring a low density of methoxy-terminated poly(ethylene oxide) grafts (PAA-mPEO4). To determine conditions favoring the adsorption of PAA-mPEO4 on ITO, we varied the pH and chemical species present in the exchange solution. The extent of polymer wrapping on the nanocrystal surface can be tuned as a function of the pH to prevent aggregation in solution and deposit uniform, smooth, and optical quality spray coated thin films. We demonstrate the utility of polymer-wrapped ITO nanocrystal thin films as an electrochromic material and achieve fast, stable, and reversible near-infrared modulation without the need to remove the polymer after deposition provided that a wrapping density of ∼20% by mass is not exceeded.

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Communication—Polyaniline Electrodeposition on Flexible ITO Substrates and the Effect of Curved Electrochemical Conditions

Cited by 8 publications

References 22 publications

Maintaining Electrochemical Performance of Flexible ITO-PET Electrodes under High Strain

Maintaining Electrochemical Performance of Flexible ITO-PET Electrodes under High Strain

PANI-Based Wearable Electrochemical Sensor for pH Sweat Monitoring

Aqueous Processing and Spray Deposition of Polymer-Wrapped Tin-Doped Indium Oxide Nanocrystals as Electrochromic Thin Films

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