Communication: An extended model of liquid bridging

Saija, Franz; Aliotta, F.; Fontanella, M. E.; Pochylski, Mikołaj; Salvato, G.; Vasi, C.; Ponterio, Rosina Celeste

doi:10.1063/1.3483690

Cited by 32 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 22 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…It has been even supposed that WB stability against gravity is a quantum effect [10].However, the best explanation of a newly discovered phenomenon is the simplest one based on well known formulas. It has been stated already [7,11] that not specific properties of water but just its high dielectric permittivity is likely to be the reason of the WB phenomenon. The convincing evidence of the statement is the "water bridge" (dielectric liquid bridge (DB)) formation of another low molecular polar dielectric liquid (DL): glycerine [9].…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Why the water bridge does not collapse

Aerov

2011

Phys. Rev. E

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

In 2007 an interesting phenomenon was discovered: a thread of water, the so-called water bridge (WB), can hang between two glass beakers filled with deionized water if voltage is applied to them. We analyze the available explanations of the WB stability and propose a completely different one: the force that supports the WB is the surface tension of water and the role of electric field is not to allow the WB to reduce its surface energy by means of breaking into separate drops.PACS numbers: 47.55.nk, 47.20.Dr, After the WB (see Fig. 1) was rediscovered in 2007 [1] (it had been first time observed in 1893 [2]) it immediately captured attention and even entered some TV shows because the experiment is easy to reproduce and it can be treated as an evidence of some unique properties of water. What keeps WB stable against gravity? The first thing one can suppose is that the water in WB has properties similar to those of a polymer melt; i.e. in the electric field water molecules are arranged in quasi polymer chains that play the role of the WB load-carrying structure [3]. It has been also supposed that hydrogen bonds are the driving force of WB formation [4]. But in the computer simulation carried out in the work [4] the WB consisted of only 10 3 molecules and it could be formed if the electric field was at least ≈ 10 3 times stronger than the one necessary for formation of macroscopic WBs in real experiments [1,[5][6][7][8][9]. Some attempts have been made to reveal a specific structure of WB by means of neutron scattering and Raman scattering [5,8], but no exhaustive explanation of the WB stability has been found on this way. An interesting feature of WB is the complicated spiral flow of water and formation of tiny bubbles inside it [6]. But it has not been proved yet that the dynamics of WB can be related to its stability. It has been even supposed that WB stability against gravity is a quantum effect [10].However, the best explanation of a newly discovered phenomenon is the simplest one based on well known formulas. It has been stated already [7,11] that not specific properties of water but just its high dielectric permittivity is likely to be the reason of the WB phenomenon. The convincing evidence of the statement is the "water bridge" (dielectric liquid bridge (DB)) formation of another low molecular polar dielectric liquid (DL): glycerine [9]. A good hint for the discovery with glycerine is the necessity to deionize water for forming WB. How can the high dielectric permittivity of a DL cause the DB stability? It is straightforward to assume that DB is kept stable against gravity by tension as a hanging flexible cable [11], the tension being somehow produced by electric field. Let us imagine a DL cylinder in a uniform electrostatic field (EF) E parallel to its axis. This is possible if the cylinder bases touch two infinite conducting planes to which voltage ∆ϕ is applied (see Fig. 2). To simplify the explanation we have depicted in Fig. 2 gaps between the bases and the planes. The gaps are supposed to be infinite...

show abstract

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Why the water bridge does not collapse

Aerov

2011

Phys. Rev. E

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…This phenomenon, first ascribed to some unknown properties of water, finally revealed to be originated just by dielectric forces. 20,21 In particular, the phenomenon is observed also in pure dielectric liquids where the deformation of the free liquid surface under an intense electric field is originated by the interaction of the electric field with the existing (both permanent and induced) dipoles while no free charge carriers can be hypothesized.…”

Section: Theoretical Considerationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Is electrospray emission really due to columbic forces?

et al. 2014

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Electrospray ionization (ESI) is a widely adopted soft ionization method for mass spectroscopy (MS). In spite of the undeniable success of the technique, its mechanisms are difficult to be analytically modelled because the process is characterized by non-equilibrium conditions. The common belief is that the formation of gas-phase ions takes place at the apex of the Taylor cone via electrophoretic charging. The charge balance implies that a conversion of electrons to ions should occur at the metal-liquid interface of the injector needle. We have detected that the above description is based on unproved assumptions which are not consistent with the correct evaluation of the problem. The comparison between experiments performed under the usual geometry and observations obtained under symmetric field configurations suggests that the emitted droplets cannot be significantly charged or, at least, that any possible ionization mechanism is so poorly efficient to ensure that columbic forces cannot play a major role in jet formation, even in cases where the liquid consists of a solution of ionic species. Further work is required to clearly understand how ionization occurs in ESI-MS.

show abstract

“…6 To build up such a liquid bridge under an applied electric field, some researchers believe that the liquid must have a high dielectric permittivity, a low electric conductivity, and a permanent molecular dipole moment. 4,7-10 However, Saijia et al 11 suggested that the liquid bridges can be produced in any dense fluid. No matter whatever the origin may be, the floating water bridges are essentially related to electricity.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…The study of this phenomenon was revived by Fuchs et al 2 in 2007. Thereafter, a number of research works [3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19] have been devoted to the floating water bridges between the deionized water in two containers induced by the high voltages applied to the deionized water. However, the interpretations to the origin of the floating water bridges are different at present stage, 3 for example, dielectric tension, 4 surface tension, 5 or both.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Floating and flying ferrofluid bridges induced by external magnetic fields

Zhou

Liu

2015

Mod. Phys. Lett. B

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

A ferrofluid is a mixture that exhibits both magnetism and fluidity. This merit enables the ferrofluid to be used in a wide variety of areas. Here we show that a floating ferrofluid bridge can be induced between two separated boards under a balanced external magnetic field generated by two magnets, while a flying ferrofluid bridge can be induced under an unbalanced external magnetic field generated by only one magnet. The mechanisms of the ferrofluid bridges were discussed and the corresponding mathematical equations were also established to describe the interacting magnetic force between the ferro particles inside the ferrofluid. This work answered a basic question that, except for the well-known floating water bridges that are related to electricity, one can also build up a liquid bridge that is related to magnetism.

show abstract

Communication: An extended model of liquid bridging

Cited by 32 publications

References 22 publications

Why the water bridge does not collapse

Why the water bridge does not collapse

Is electrospray emission really due to columbic forces?

Floating and flying ferrofluid bridges induced by external magnetic fields

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About