Communicating emotion through a haptic link: Design space and methodology

Smith, Jocelyn; MacLean, Karon E.

doi:10.1016/j.ijhcs.2006.11.006

Cited by 139 publications

(108 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…A priori, mediated haptic communication should closely resemble non-mediated communication in order to be intuitively processed without introducing ambiguity or increasing the cognitive load (Rantala et al 2011). However, the results discussed in this paper [e.g., , Smith and MacLean (2007), Haans and IJsselsteijn (2009a), Giannopoulos et al (2011), andRantala et al (2013)] indicate that social touch is quite robust to degradations and it may not be necessary to mediate all physical parameters accurately or at all.…”

Section: Social and Culturalmentioning

confidence: 78%

“…Although it appears that virtual interfaces can effectively transmit emotion even with touch cues that are extremely degraded (e.g., a handshake that is lacking grip, temperature, dryness, and texture: ), the field lacks rigorous validation and systematic exploration of the critical parameters. The few exceptions are the work by Smith and MacLean (2007) and by Salminen et al (2008). Smith and MacLean performed an extensive study into the possibilities and the design space of an interpersonal haptic link and concluded that emotion can indeed be communicated through this medium.…”

Section: Remote Communication Between Partnersmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…At the social level, the use of mediated touch is only considered appropriate as a means of communication between people in close personal relationships (Rantala et al 2013), and the mere fact that two people are willing to touch implies an element of trust and mutual understanding (Collier 1985). The interpretation of mediated touch depends on the type of interrelationship between sender and receiver (Rantala et al 2013), similar to direct touch (Coan et al 2006;Thompson and Hampton 2011) and like direct touch, mediated touch communication between strangers can cause discomfort (Smith and MacLean 2007).…”

Section: Reactions To Mediated Touch At a Physiological Behavioral mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Previous studies on mediated haptic interpersonal communication mainly investigated the communication of deliberately performed (instructed) rather than naturally occurring emotions Smith and MacLean 2007;Rantala et al 2013). Although this protocol is very time efficient, it relies heavily on participants' ability to spontaneously generate social touches with, for instance, a specific emotional value.…”

Section: Protocolsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Social Touch in Humanâ€“Computer Interaction

Erp

Toet²

2015

Front. Digit. Humanit.

137

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Touch is our primary non-verbal communication channel for conveying intimate emotions and as such essential for our physical and emotional wellbeing. In our digital age, human social interaction is often mediated. However, even though there is increasing evidence that mediated touch affords affective communication, current communication systems (such as videoconferencing) still do not support communication through the sense of touch. As a result, mediated communication does not provide the intense affective experience of co-located communication. The need for ICT mediated or generated touch as an intuitive way of social communication is even further emphasized by the growing interest in the use of touch-enabled agents and robots for healthcare, teaching, and telepresence applications. Here, we review the important role of social touch in our daily life and the available evidence that affective touch can be mediated reliably between humans and between humans and digital agents. We base our observations on evidence from psychology, computer science, sociology, and neuroscience with focus on the first two. Our review shows that mediated affective touch can modulate physiological responses, increase trust and affection, help to establish bonds between humans and avatars or robots, and initiate pro-social behavior. We argue that ICT mediated or generated social touch can (a) intensify the perceived social presence of remote communication partners and (b) enable computer systems to more effectively convey affective information. However, this research field on the crossroads of ICT and psychology is still embryonic and we identify several topics that can help to mature the field in the following areas: establishing an overarching theoretical framework, employing better research methodologies, developing basic social touch building blocks, and solving specific ICT challenges.

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Section: Social and Culturalmentioning

confidence: 78%

Section: Remote Communication Between Partnersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Reactions To Mediated Touch At a Physiological Behavioral mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Protocolsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Social Touch in Humanâ€“Computer Interaction

Erp

Toet²

2015

Front. Digit. Humanit.

137

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“…Research in HCI has looked at how certain individual modalities can convey affective information, including thermal feedback [33,34,49], vibration [27,36,53], force feedback [6,37,52] and abstract visual displays [43,44,51]. Unfortunately, research shows that the individual modalities are only capable of conveying a limited range of emotional meaning by themselves.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Multi-moji

Wilson

Brewster

2017

Proceedings of the 2017 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems

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This paper explores the combination of multiple concurrent modalities for conveying emotional information in HCI: temperature, vibration and abstract visual displays. Each modality has been studied individually, but can only convey a limited range of emotions within two-dimensional valencearousal space. This paper is the first to systematically combine multiple modalities to expand the available affective range. Three studies were conducted: Study 1 measured the emotionality of vibrotactile feedback by itself; Study 2 measured the perceived emotional content of three bimodal combinations: vibrotactile + thermal, vibrotactile + visual and visual + thermal. Study 3 then combined all three modalities. Results show that combining modalities increases the available range of emotional states, particularly in the problematic top-right and bottom-left quadrants of the dimensional model. We also provide a novel lookup resource for designers to identify stimuli to convey a range of emotions.

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Interdisciplinary Insights for Digital Touch Communication

Jewitt

Price

Mackley

et al. 2020

Human–Computer Interaction Series

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Communicating emotion through a haptic link: Design space and methodology

Cited by 139 publications

References 12 publications

Social Touch in Humanâ€“Computer Interaction

Social Touch in Humanâ€“Computer Interaction

Multi-moji

Interdisciplinary Insights for Digital Touch Communication

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