Common two-dimensional echocardiographic estimates of aortic linear dimensions are interchangeable

Reference intervals for transthoracic echocardiography in the English springer spaniel: a prospective, longitudinal study

“…, Georgiev et al . ). Left ventricular dimensions on MM, 2D LV volumes, LA:Ao and Ao VMAX were measured twice, 1 week apart.…”

“…Intra-observer (measurement) variability was calculated from 10 randomly selected examinations, expressed as the percentage difference between the two measurements divided by the mean (Smith et al . 2012, Georgiev et al . 2013.…”

Acquired Stenosis of All Four Heart Valves in a Boxer Mix Dog

“…2 , 3 There was moderate enlargement of the left atrium compared with aortic diameter, with a left atrial/aortic diameter measurement of 1.8 obtained via the Hansson or “Swedish” method, with upper limits normally <1.5 to 1.6 ( Figure 2 , Video 4 ). 4 The aortic valve leaflets were severely thickened and irregular, with reduced excursion of the leaflets observed during systole ( Figure 2 , Figure 3 and 3 , and Video 4 ). 2 Color Doppler at the level of the aortic valve revealed aortic insufficiency ( Figure 4 ).…”

Echocardiography

“…The literature contains a number of publications about echocardiographic measurement of normal and abnormal heart size in dogs, 34,44,96,105,107,108,111,135,138,[231][232][233][234][235][236][237][238][239][240][241][242][243][244][245][246] while a smaller number address the subject in cats. 31,75,99,101,107,177,242,[247][248][249][250] Most canine studies report either breed-specific values or combine different breeds and emphasize the importance of body size on chamber measurements, modeling this influence into normal reference values.…”

“…105,125,135,232,233,235,236,238,239,243,[246][247][248]250,[252][253][254][255] Quantitation of LA mass is far more difficult because the atrial walls are so thin. 105,125,135,232,233,235,236,238,239,243,[246][247][248]250,[252][253][254][255] Quantitation of LA mass is far more difficult because the atrial walls are so thin.…”