Common-onset masking simulated with a distributed-code model

Bridgeman, Bruce

doi:10.2478/v10053-008-0012-5

Cited by 12 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 21 publications

(42 reference statements)

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“…Strong evidence in favor of Bridgeman's (2007) model is that it produces U-shaped masking functions like those seen in recovery from OSM. The explanation for this pattern of masking is based on the timing of mask offset and target signals and their interaction within the model.…”

Section: Theories Of Osmmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…While initial attempts to model OSM without recourse to reentrant processing fell short of accurately operationalizing important concepts like attention (Francis & Hermens, 2002), more recent developments have provided excellent predictive value in a way that is theoretically sound (Põder, 2013). Bridgeman's (2007) model does one of the best jobs in approximating the behavioral data of OSM, but this is a model of recurrent lateral inhibition, rather than feedback, between different regions. However, the physiological reality is that the brain has substantial architecture for reentrant processing, and much evidence points to this being involved in conscious perception (Lamme & Roelfsema, 2000).…”

Section: Theories Of Osmmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It remains to be seen, therefore, whether there are findings in OSM that can be explained only by object substitution, and not object updating. It is telling, however, that the neural models that fared best in predicting behavioral OSM results (Bridgeman, 2007;Põder, 2013) posit integration (as opposed to substitution) of the target and mask stimulus information as the core mechanism underlying OSM.…”

Section: Object Updating and Object Substitutionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Substituting objects from consciousness: A review of object substitution masking

et al. 2013

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Object substitution masking (OSM) occurs when a sparse (e.g., four-dot), temporally trailing mask obscures the visibility of a briefly presented target. Here, we review theories of OSM: those that propose that OSM reflects the interplay between feedforward and feedback/reentrant neural processes, those that predict that feedforward processing alone gives rise to the phenomenon, and theories that focus on cognitive explanations, such as object updating. We discuss how each of these theories accommodates key findings from the OSM literature. In addition, we examine the relationship between OSM and other visual-cognitive phenomena, including object correspondence through occlusion, change blindness, metacontrast masking, backward masking, and visual short-term memory. Finally, we examine the level of processing at which OSM impairs target perception. Collectively, OSM appears to reflect the conditions under which the brain confuses two visual events for one when they are encoded with low spatiotemporal resolution, due to processing resources being otherwise occupied.Keywords Object substitution masking . Attention . Reentrant processing . Consciousness When observing a visual scene, at any point in time, we are conscious of only a small fraction of the available information. Given this limitation, it is important to understand the mechanisms that determine what stimuli we become conscious of, when we become conscious of them, and the nature of processing that occurs in the absence of explicit awareness. There exists a long and rich history in experimental psychology of using visual masking to explore such issues. Visual masking refers to conditions where the visibility of one to-be-reported visual stimulus (the target) is obscured by the presentation of another stimulus (the mask) that appears in close spatiotemporal proximity and does not require report. Object substitution masking (OSM) is a recent discovery in the field of visual masking and is an ideal tool for exploring questions about visual awareness because it selectively impairs the extent to which an individual becomes conscious of a visual stimulus without the extent of image-level degradation that other forms of visual masking induce. This review, therefore, focuses on the determinants and consequences of visual awareness in OSM.Here, we integrate a diverse range of literature to discern what OSM can tell us about perceptual consciousness and visual cognition in general. Specifically, we discuss the role of feedforward versus feedback processing in giving rise to OSM, whether the phenomenon is better characterized as reflecting object updating or object substitution, the similarities and differences between OSM and other forms of masking, and OSM's relationship to other visual-cognitive phenomena. In addition, we review evidence regarding the role of attention in masking. Our aim is to address controversies in the OSM literature in depth and offer insights into how some of them may already be resolved and how the field might go about resolving ...

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Section: Theories Of Osmmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Theories Of Osmmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Object Updating and Object Substitutionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Substituting objects from consciousness: A review of object substitution masking

et al. 2013

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“…Pattern as well as metacontrast masking seems to involve complex spatial interactions that may be best explained with spatial perceptual grouping. Still, Bruce Bridgeman (this volume) and Hermens and Ernst (this volume) showed that simple neural network models can simulate many masking effects, including some of these spatial effects. Other discussions emphasized that the modeling work needs to account for task-set influences on processing speed and phenomenally perceived temporal characteristics (e.g., temporal order of stimuli, perceived duration of ISIs, or perceived stimulus duration) under masking conditions (Ansorge et al, this volume).…”

Section: The Workhop Goalsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Visual masking and the dynamics of human perception, cognition, and consciousness: <i>A century of progress, a contemporary synthesis, and future directions</i>

Ansorge¹,

Francis²,

Herzog³

et al. 2007

Advances in Cognitive Psychology

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The 1990s, the “decade of the brain,” witnessed major advances in the study of visual perception, cognition, and consciousness. Impressive techniques in neurophysiology, neuroanatomy, neuropsychology, electrophysiology, psychophysics and brain-imaging were developed to address how the nervous system transforms and represents visual inputs. Many of these advances have dealt with the steady-state properties of processing. To complement this “steady-state approach,” more recent research emphasized the importance of dynamic aspects of visual processing. Visual masking has been a paradigm of choice for more than a century when it comes to the study of dynamic vision. A recent workshop (http://lpsy.epfl.ch/VMworkshop/), held in Delmenhorst, Germany, brought together an international group of researchers to present state-of-the-art research on dynamic visual processing with a focus on visual masking. This special issue presents peer-reviewed contributions by the workshop participants and provides a contemporary synthesis of how visual masking can inform the dynamics of human perception, cognition, and consciousness.

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“…After reaching a minimum of visibility (maximum of masking) at some intermediate SOA, target visibility increases. Whether Type A or Type B masking is produced depends on the target, mask, experimental task, and conditions of the experiment, as is discussed in other papers in this issue (Breitmeyer this volume, Bridgeman this volume, Herzog, this volume). …”

mentioning

confidence: 96%

What should a quantitative model of masking look like and why would we want it?

Francis¹

2007

Advances in Cognitive Psychology

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Quantitative models of backward masking appeared almost as soon as computing technology was available to simulate them; and continued interest in masking has lead to the development of new models. Despite this long history, the impact of the models on the field has been limited because they have fundamental shortcomings. This paper discusses these shortcomings and outlines what future quantitative models should look like. It also discusses several issues about modeling and how a model could be used by researchers to better explore masking and other aspects of cognition.

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Common-onset masking simulated with a distributed-code model

Cited by 12 publications

References 21 publications

Substituting objects from consciousness: A review of object substitution masking

Substituting objects from consciousness: A review of object substitution masking

Visual masking and the dynamics of human perception, cognition, and consciousness: <i>A century of progress, a contemporary synthesis, and future directions</i>

What should a quantitative model of masking look like and why would we want it?

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