Common Modifiable and Non-Modifiable Risk Factors of Cardiovascular Disease (CVD) among Pacific Countries

Abstract

Introduction: Modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors contribute to the significant rise of non-communicable diseases (NCDs), most notably cardiovascular disease (CVD), in the Pacific Island nations. The aim of this study is to review previously published articles to understand common modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors of CVD among Pacific countries. Methods: This systematic review is conducted using different databases including; Scopus, Medline, EMBASE, and psycINFO. This systematic review is based on the Cochrane review process. All articles published in the English language from 1 st January 2000 to 1 st September 2016, will be included in the study. After reviewing all of the articles' titles, abstracts, and full text, the final articles were reviewed and the relevant data was included in the data extraction sheet. A descriptive analysis was conducted to measure the common risk factors of CVD in Pacific countries. Results: Overall, 45 articles met the inclusion criteria of the study. The results showed that age was the most common non-modifiable risk factor while diabetes, high blood lipid, and high blood pressure were the most common modifiable risk factors of CVD. There were only three interventional studies which had all of the significant influences in reducing the risk factors of CVD when the results were compared with the control group. Conclusion: While it is not possible to change the non-modifiable risk factors for CVD, we encourage policy makers to use the results of this study to develop health promotion strategies to address the modifiable risk factors for CVD. Interventional strategies are highly recommended in the Pacific countries to tackle the modifiable risk factors for CVD.

Role of Socio-demographic, Lifestyle, Psychological and Anthropometric Parameters on Cardiovascular Disease Risk Among Mashad Cohort Study Population

“…There are various reports about the different risk factors and their effects on CVD incidence (10). Cardiovascular risk factors can be categorized as unmodi able, modi able, and behavioral risk factors (35). In the present study, we de ned the correlations between some risk factors and CVD incidence in a 6 years follow-up cohort study.…”

“…In the present study, we de ned the correlations between some risk factors and CVD incidence in a 6 years follow-up cohort study. All of these impressive risk factors are categorized as modi able risk factors, except for age and positive FH, and should be concerned in the policy of the governments (35). As well, preventive medicine should be at attention for people with positive FH and ageing process (35).…”

The Cardiac Risk Factors of Coronary Artery Disease and its relationship with Cardiopulmonary resuscitation: A retrospective study

“…Lack of physical activity, obesity, unhealthy diet, smoking and lack of proper rest and peace are among the risk factors on CADs 5 . CADs are among life style-related diseases and atherosclerosis 6 ; it includes modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors. Non-modifiable risk factors are age, sex, race and family history of CAD while modifiable risk factors include high blood pressure, blood cholesterol level, blood triglyceride level, diabetes, alcohol consumption, opium consumption and smoking.…”

“…Non-modifiable risk factors are age, sex, race and family history of CAD while modifiable risk factors include high blood pressure, blood cholesterol level, blood triglyceride level, diabetes, alcohol consumption, opium consumption and smoking. Controllable risk factors can be controlled to some extent by changing the lifestyle 6 . As the final death manifestation of many CADs is sudden death, to reduce the death rates of these diseases, attention to Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR), its success factors and measures to enhance its efficiency have been in the focus of the researchers 7…”

“…Numerous reasons have been proposed on why BMI can potentially affect the quality and effectiveness of cardiopulmonary resuscitation 8, 9. In the Asia, obesity, diabetes, dyslipidemia, and high blood pressure have been recognized as the major risk factors of CADs; however, no study has explicitly addressed the association of these factors with CPR outcome 6 . Considering the fact that various personal, social and clinical factors along with therapeutic processes are effective on CPR outcome, there is little information about the impact of risk factors on CPR outcomes and this issue has been less addressed by researchers.…”