Common E-Cigarette Flavoring Chemicals Impair Neutrophil Phagocytosis and Oxidative Burst

Hickman, Elise; Herrera, Carolina; Jaspers, Ilona

doi:10.1021/acs.chemrestox.9b00171

Cited by 57 publications

(59 citation statements)

References 20 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…The flavoring chemicals diacetyl, benzaldehyde and acetyl propionyl, widely recognized as being associated with respiratory disease when inhaled, have all been identified in eliquids (Allen, Flanigan, LeBlanc, et al, 2016;Farsalinos, Kistler, Gillman, & Voudris, 2015). Indeed, individual flavors have been shown to cause significant cellular toxicity (Behar, Wang, & Talbot, 2018;Clapp, Lavrich, van Heusden, et al, 2019;Hickman, Herrera, & Jaspers, 2019). Moreover, a recent study demonstrated that e-cigarette liquids can be chemically unstable, with reactions occurring between flavor aldehydes and the e-liquid solvent propylene glycol resulting in flavor aldehyde propylene glycol acetals, stable in aqueous solutions for >36 hr, with subsequent adverse health consequences (Erythropel, Jabba, DeWinter, et al, 2018).…”

Section: Are Ends a "Safer Alternative" To Tobacco Smoking During Pmentioning

confidence: 99%

Developmental toxicity of e‐cigarette aerosols

Greene

Pisano

2019

Birth Defects Research

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Maternal smoking during pregnancy represents a major public health concern increasing the risk for low birth weight, congenital anomalies, preterm birth, fetal mortality, and morbidity. In an effort to diminish adverse developmental effects of exposure to cigarette smoking, pregnant women, and women of reproductive age, are increasingly turning to electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS), such as e‐cigarettes, as an alternative. Given that health risks associated with ENDS use during pregnancy are largely unknown, there is an acute need to determine risks vs. benefits of e‐cigarette use by pregnant women. While the most recent Surgeon General's Report on the “Health Consequences of Smoking” states that “the evidence is sufficient to infer that nicotine adversely affects maternal and fetal health during pregnancy, contributing to multiple adverse outcomes,” it remains unclear whether use of ENDS represents a “safer alternative” to tobacco smoking during pregnancy. This is due, in part, to the lack of sufficient and conclusive evidence concerning whether or not maternal e‐cigarette use adversely affects embryonic/fetal development. While several recent developmental studies have challenged the safety of nicotine inhalation via ENDS, the true risks of smoking e‐cigarettes during the first trimester of pregnancy—the period of organogenesis—are largely unknown. Moreover, evidence is emerging that even nicotine‐free e‐cigarette aerosols may harm the developing conceptus, suggesting that components of e‐cigarette liquid, including flavorings, may be developmentally toxicity. Focused human epidemiological analyses, and carefully designed animal studies are critically needed to address the question of the safety of ENDS use during pregnancy.

show abstract

Section: Are Ends a "Safer Alternative" To Tobacco Smoking During Pmentioning

confidence: 99%

Developmental toxicity of e‐cigarette aerosols

Greene

Pisano

2019

Birth Defects Research

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Similar effects were found for ethyl vanillin (vanilla flavors) and benzaldehyde (almond and cherry flavors). 73,74 The highest flavoring chemical exposures for the human cells used in the Jaspers lab were two orders of magnitude below the ranges reported for e-liquids and aerosols. 73 Several flavoring chemicals transfer from e-liquids into aerosols at high efficiency, with an average of 86% reported for some devices.…”

Section: Flavoring Chemicals and Interactions With Solventsmentioning

confidence: 89%

“…73,74 The highest flavoring chemical exposures for the human cells used in the Jaspers lab were two orders of magnitude below the ranges reported for e-liquids and aerosols. 73 Several flavoring chemicals transfer from e-liquids into aerosols at high efficiency, with an average of 86% reported for some devices. 75 However, the levels of these chemicals in biological specimens of e-cigarette users are currently unknown.…”

Section: Flavoring Chemicals and Interactions With Solventsmentioning

confidence: 89%

Vaper, Beware: The Unique Toxicological Profile of Electronic Cigarettes

Schmidt¹

2020

Environ Health Perspect

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Many parents and pediatricians worry about the appeal of electronic cigarettes to teenagers. And they are not alone. Back in March 2017, for instance, Terry Gordon was contacted by a high school junior about ideas for a science fair project. At one point, the boy mentioned his concern about vaping in the school's restrooms. "A light bulb went off pretty quickly," recalls Gordon, a professor of environmental medicine at New York University (NYU) Grossman School of Medicine. "We decided to take some air measurements to see if vaping was harmful for kids who do not do it themselves." With support from administrators and teachers, the Board of Education, and the Parent Teacher Association, Gordon's team eventually installed air monitors in the restrooms at one high school and one middle school. The vaping-associated nicotine levels the researchers measured in these restrooms were similar to those in New York City public housing units where residents smoked heavily, says Gordon. 1 The jury is still out on whether e-cigarettes are as effective as, or superior to, nicotine replacement therapy to help quit smoking. 2 To date, no e-cigarette has been approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) as a smoking cessation aid. 3 Although e-cigarettes may not expose users to all of the toxicants produced by tobacco combustion, the health risks associated with exposure to e-cigarette aerosols are not well characterized. 4 This means harm reduction in smokers who switch to e-cigarettes should be weighed against the potential risk to nonsmokers who find vaping much more appealing-and perceive it as safer-than cigarette smoking. The 2019 outbreak of so-called "e-cigarette, or vaping, product use associated lung injury" (EVALI) in the United States also affected many young individuals; more than half were under age 25. 5 Although likely caused by vitamin E acetate added mainly to THC-containing vapes, 5 the event intensified public concern about a simultaneous youth vaping epidemic, supported by growing scientific evidence that e-cigarettes are far from safe. 6 Combustible Cigarettes vs. E-Cigarettes E-cigarettes contain a battery-powered heating element, usually a metal coil, that heats an "e-liquid" mixture of solvents, nicotine, and flavoring chemicals. Users inhale the resulting aerosols into their lungs. Manufacturers are not required to publicly disclose the ingredients in e-liquids (although they must report them to the FDA), and substantial discrepancies exist between the labeled and actual nicotine content of many brands. 7,8,9,10 E-cigarettes appeared on the U.S. market in 2006. 11 Their designs have changed substantially over time. The first-generation The percentage of high schoolers reporting recent e-cigarette use increased from 1.5% in 2011 to 27.5% in 2019. 26 The rapid increase in youth vaping is one reason the FDA is cracking down on manufacturers targeting young consumers with kid-friendly marketing. Image: CC BY 4.0 (cropped original).

show abstract

“…Indeed, there is already evidence connecting disruption of immunity mechanisms with the use of E-liquids where the effect of nicotine is laso suggested to not be the most important [40] [41]. The CC46 model could be useful for further studies into conserved pathways that are affected by using E-liquids.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The effect of E-liquid exposure onCaenorhabditis elegans

Wang

Ingram

Marshall

et al. 2020

Preprint

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

E-cigarettes are being promoted as a less harmful alternative to smoking tobacco. However, vaping is a new phenomenon and safety profiles have not been fully established. Model organisms can be used to examine the cellular processes that may be changed by exposure to the E-liquids used for vaping. Mitochondria are essential in eukaryotic cells for production of ATP, protein biogenesis, metabolic pathways, cellular signalling, stress responses and apoptosis. Mitochondrial health can be used as a proxy for many aspects of healthy cellular physiology. Mutations in the PINK1 gene can lead to mitochondria-specific autophagy deficiency. We exposed two strains of Caenorhabditis elegans, CB5600 control and CC46 pink1, with 10% concentrations of nine different flavoured E liquids. We measured lifespan, movement, body size, brood size, and we examined their mitochondrial networks to investigate the effect of the E-liquids. We show that the CC46 (pink1) strain is affected by the E-liquids, even the flavours without nicotine, and that they have reduced lifespan, movement ability and mitochondrial organisation. We found that some E-liquids can dramatically shorten lifespan in this strain. Our data emphasise a need to carefully ascertain the potential harm that may be caused by the use of E-liquids.

show abstract

Common E-Cigarette Flavoring Chemicals Impair Neutrophil Phagocytosis and Oxidative Burst

Cited by 57 publications

References 20 publications

Developmental toxicity of e‐cigarette aerosols

Developmental toxicity of e‐cigarette aerosols

Vaper, Beware: The Unique Toxicological Profile of Electronic Cigarettes

The effect of E-liquid exposure onCaenorhabditis elegans

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About