Common Cocklebur Competition in Soybeans

Abstract

The competitive effects of common cocklebur (Xanthium pensylvanicumWallr.) on soybeans[Glycine max(L.) Merr. ‘Lee 68′] were studied on Dundee silty clay loam soil from 1970 to 1972. Full-season competition by common cocklebur at 3,300, 6,600, 13,000, and 26,000 plants/ha reduced the 2-year average soybean seed yields 10, 28, 43, and 52%, respectively. Competition from common cocklebur at 100,000 plants/ha for 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, and 16 weeks after soybean emergence reduced soybean seed yields 10, 36, 40, 60, 80, and 80%, respectively. A reduction in soybean stand occurred after 12 or more weeks competition, and an increase in soybean plant height occurred after 10 or more weeks competition. When common cockleburs were removed during the first 4 weeks after soybean emergence, no further removal was required to obtain maximum soybean yield. Bentazon [3-isopropyl-1H-2,1,3-benzothiadiazin-(4)3H-one 2,2-dioxide] at 1.1 to 2.2 kg/ha applied over-the-top of common cockleburs and soybeans was as effective as hand removal in terminating competition provided common cocklebur plants were not flowering.

Response of multiple seeded cocklebur and other cocklebur types to herbicide treatment

“…In this study four chemical herbicides, chlorimuron, imazaquin, imazethapyr and MSMA, were chosen that are widely used to control common cocklebur in various geographical areas 27–30, 32, 33. They were used as commercial formulations: chlorimuron 250 g kg −1 DG (CLASSIC ® , DuPont), imazaquin 700 g kg −1 DG (Scepter ® , American Cyanamid), imazethapyr 700 g kg −1 DG (Pursuit ® , American Cyanamid) and MSMA 510 g liter −1 SL (Luxembourg & ISK Biosciences).…”

“…However, the efficacy of conventional herbicides and A helianthi has not been previously evaluated on MSC. Therefore, in the present study, we compared the response of MSC with that of normal common cocklebur (NCC) varieties to the mycoherbicide agent A helianthi 25 and to several conventional herbicides which are known to control the latter27–30 in various geographical areas.…”

Bioherbicidal potential of a strain ofXanthomonasspp. for control of common cocklebur (Xanthium strumarium)

“…Cocklebur can reduce yield even at a distance of 50 cm away from the soybean row (Henry and Bauman 1989). Heavy infestations of cocklebur can reduce yield by 50Á80% in soybean (Barrentine 1974;Bloomberg, Kirkpatrik, and Wax 1982). Common cocklebur has also developed resistance to some herbicides.…”

“…Before genetically modified glyphosate-resistant soybeans were adopted, common cocklebur was controlled with bentazon (3-(1-methylethyl)-1H-2,1,3-benzothiadiazin-4(3H)-one 2,2-dioxide) and acetolactate synthase (ALS)-inhibiting herbicides (Barrentine 1974;Muyonga, DeFelice, and Sime 1996). Common cocklebur biotypes resistant to most ALS-inhibiting herbicides occur throughout the north-central and southern USA (Ohmes and Kendig 1999;Schmidt, Talbert, and McClelland 2004;Heap 2012).…”

“…Common cocklebur biotypes resistant to most ALS-inhibiting herbicides occur throughout the north-central and southern USA (Ohmes and Kendig 1999;Schmidt, Talbert, and McClelland 2004;Heap 2012). Glyphosate can effectively control common cocklebur (Wiesbrook, Johnson, Hart, Bradley, and Wax 2001), but early removal is crucial to prevent yield reduction which can occur as early as 4 weeks after planting (Barrentine 1974).…”