“…In Figure 1, we separately identify internal and external characteristics linked to retaliation effectiveness, with more effective retaliation lowering acquisition performance. Internally, an open merger and acquisition (M&A) strategy and integration duration can increase retaliation effectiveness during acquisition integration (Chircop, Johan and Tarsalewska, 2018; Graebner et al ., 2017; King, Bauer and Schriber, 2018; Teerikangas and Thanos, 2018; van Marrewijk, 2016; Wei and Clegg, 2018). Externally, industry M&A activity and rivalry may influence retaliation effectiveness (Bauer et al ., 2017; Bettinazzi et al ., 2020; Haleblian et al ., 2012; Martynova and Renneboog, 2008).…”