Common and differential neural networks of emotion regulation by Detachment, Reinterpretation, Distraction, and Expressive Suppression: A comparative fMRI investigation

Dissociation in borderline personality disorder: Disturbed cognitive and emotional inhibition and its neural correlates

“…Nevertheless, BPD patients without dissociation induction compared with healthy control participants showed enhanced neural activity in the ACC, superior temporal gyrus, and dorsomedial and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex particularly in response to positive compared with neutral words. These are areas associated with executive functions including interference inhibition of distracting emotional stimuli as well as emotion down-regulation (Whalen et al, 1998;Britton et al, 2009;Hart et al, 2010;McRae et al, 2010;Mincic, 2010;Ovaysikia et al, 2011;Kanske et al, 2011;Dorfel et al, 2014). This supports the idea that BPD patients differ from healthy controls in the processing of positive stimuli (Sieswerda et al, 2007).…”

Structural brain aberrations associated with the dissociative subtype of post‐traumatic stress disorder

“…In light of our present findings, this may potentially be mediated by levels of peritraumatic and post-traumatic dissociation (39). The fusiform gyrus is known to subserve visual imagery from a first-person perspective (40) and is involved in cognitive forms of emotion regulation (36). In acutely traumatized participants, hyperactivation of both the precentral and the fusiform gyrus is linked to risk factors for PTSD development such as peritraumatic dissociation and post-traumatic cognitions (14,41).…”

“…Our finding of positively correlated brain volume in the right middle frontal gyrus is consistent with the results reported by Nardo and co-workers (23), albeit the specific peak localizations within this gyrus differ between the two studies. The right middle frontal gyrus is known to subserve the downregulation of emotional arousal and shows enhanced activation during detachment in healthy participants (36). Convergently, acute dissociation during the MRI scan has been shown to be associated with increased activation of the right middle frontal gyrus in acutely traumatized participants (14), and participants with PTSD belonging to the dissociative subtype have been shown to exhibit greater functional connectivity between the amygdala and the right middle frontal gyrus as compared to those not belonging to the dissociative subtype (21).…”

The temporal dynamics of detached versus positive reappraisal: An ERP study

“…Detached reappraisal is effective at reducing the emotional intensity of negative stimuli, whereas positive reappraisal tends to shift one's emotional experience toward positive affect (Denny & Ochsner, 2014;Shiota & Levenson, 2012). Furthermore, detached, but not positive, reappraisal is effective at down-regulating amygdala activity, recruiting a right prefronto-parietal regulation network, as compared to the left frontal control network recruited during positive reappraisal (Dorfel et al, 2014). However, these studies failed to provide the timeframe of these strategies' emotion-regulating effects.…”

“…Therefore, detached reappraisal ought to result in earlier and greater attenuation of central-parietal LPPs than positive reappraisal. Furthermore, as additional cognitive effort is required for positively reappraising negative pictures (Dorfel et al, 2014), we expected that positive, but not detached, reappraisal would elicit larger frontal LPPs, indicative of cognitive effort.…”