Commission 21: Light of the Night Sky

Abstract

Commission 21, one of IAU's smallest commissions, consists of some hundred members and consultants working to understand and describe the light of the night sky with emphasis on the diffuse components. Many more work on these topics without being members of the commission. Light is here defined in its broader sense of electromagnetic radiation of any frequency. The diffuse components of the light of the night sky encompass a variety of physical phenomena over the full range of cosmic distance scales and include scattered light, thermal emission, line emission, and any other emission phenomena producing a diffuse light source. These attract interest not only as scientific topics of study in their own right but also as an unwanted foreground or background against which all other sky phenomena are observed. Commission 21 has for mandate to promote research and availability of results on issues related to the diffuse light of the night sky. This document is a report on activities in this field and is not confined to the activities of its members, no distinction is made between work carried out by commission members and non commission members. The report is organized starting with a summary of the state of broad surveys that provide most of the observations. The report on developments in the various disciplines start with the sources closest to the observer known as airglow and progresses by way of the interplanetary and interstellar mediums to the increasingly distant integrated starlight, diffuse galactic light and diffuse emission in other galaxies ending with the extragalactic background radiation.

Measuring fiber position errors from spectral data

“…These two components fall into exactly the same aperture and are both convolved with the total system response of the telescope and instruments. The sky background is a mixture of airglow, background light from faint celestial objects, zodiacal light, ground pollution light, etc (Roach 1964, Gustafson et al 2007. A portion is from outside the atmosphere, similar to the light from the targets, but some is not.…”

“…The major components of sky light include airglow, aurora and light pollution (Gustafson et al 2007). The aurora is weak at Xinglong, which has a latitude of about 40 • N. Both aurora and airglow are from the top level of the atmosphere at an altitude of about 100 km or higher, so they have a similar effective atmospheric thickness as lights from targets.…”