Commercialization Without Capitalism: Processes of Environmental Change in South China, 1550–1850

Marks, Robert B.

doi:10.2307/3985064

Cited by 12 publications

(5 citation statements)

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“…Rivers and river sand have long been considered a communal property of riverfront villages (see also Zhu, 2018;. It can be observed that the local riverbank dwellers link their social-cultural life to rivers (Liu, 1995;Marks, 1996Marks, , 2004). From the historical perspective, rivers and river environments have been shaped by these villages' activities.…”

Section: Political Ecologymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This resulted in the expansion of the "mulberry tree and fish pond system" (桑基鱼田) (Marks, 1996, p. 61). Marks (1996) domestrated that an increasing portion of land was planted with mulberry trees to support the silk export trade. As a result, less land was available for growing rice, and the price of rice began to increase.…”

Section: The Zhuang In Historymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In addition, the immigration of the Han and other minorities to Guangxi and Guangdong Provinces contributed to the demand for land and other natural resources. In the meantime, the emergence and development of the global trade led to a change in the land-use model and the decline of agrarian society (such as the traditional silk industry) in the 18th and 19th century (see also Li and Pang, 2000;Marks, 1996). The Zhuang region imported more and more goods, mainly from Europe.…”

Section: Marks Also Statedmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Determining Diasporic Chinese Identities from a Legal Perspective in China

Liu

Qian

2019

J. Chin. Overseas

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The Chinese diaspora broadly includes the groups of huaren (华人, ethnic Chinese of different nationalities), huaqiao (华侨, overseas Chinese who are Chinese citizens overseas), guiqiao (归侨, returned overseas Chinese), and qiaojuan (侨眷, relatives in China of overseas Chinese). In the Chinese legal system, the determining of Chinese diasporic status is an important issue in the Chinese diaspora law, as it pertains to the protection of diaspora rights and interests by governmental authorities. The diaspora law in China identifies Chinese diasporic status and grants rights and duties according to nationality and residential qualifications but does not consider the actual contact between the Chinese diaspora and China. This has caused substantive legal procedural issues regarding the confirmation of the legal identity of Chinese diaspora and the issuing of relevant certifications both in China and abroad. These legal issues have presented significant challenges for the Chinese government in its efforts to engage with and manage the Chinese diaspora and it has created a bureaucratic barrier to the protection of their rights and interests. This paper aims to explore the current issues in determining the legal status of the Chinese diaspora, to critically review relevant laws, policies, and empirical research, and to suggest possible solutions for improving diaspora law in the legal system.

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Section: Political Ecologymentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: The Zhuang In Historymentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Marks Also Statedmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Determining Diasporic Chinese Identities from a Legal Perspective in China

Liu

Qian

2019

J. Chin. Overseas

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“…The total acreage of agricultural land, however, only doubled during the same period (Wang, 1973: 7;Naquin and Rawski, 1987: 24-6;Ho, 1959). The diminishing land-population ratio, together with the depletion of natural resources caused by rapid commercial expansion, led to a looming ecological crisis in the empire (Elvin, 1998;Marks, 1996Marks, , 1998.…”

Section: Class and State Formations In Mid-qing Chinamentioning

confidence: 99%

Early Modernities and Contentious Politics in Mid-Qing China, c. 1740–1839

Hung

2004

International Sociology

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In the last three decades, a spate of research brought to light the dynamics of contentious politics in early modern Europe. These studies suggest that surges of commerce and centralized state power led to a transition of contentious politics from reactive to proactive claims, and from violent to non-violent repertoires. This literature assumes the uniqueness of the western experience, and pays little attention to the non-western world. This article is an attempt to examine the patterns of contentious politics in mid-Qing China, a period when China witnessed profound commercial growth and political centralization. Based on a catalogue of contentious events derived from archival sources, the article finds that contentious politics over mid-Qing China changed from predominantly proactive and peaceful actions to more reactive and violent forms. The direction of transition was opposite to that in Europe, and could be explained by the specific trajectories of state formation and commercialization in early modern China. The article also argues that the modern revolutionary movement in 20th-century China was a continuation of the reactive, violent contentions of the early 19th century. This study shows that ‘modernization’ of contentious politics in non-western civilizations is rarely a simple repetition of the western way, but is rather a complex interaction between western influences and indigenous tracks of development.

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“…9) Brook (1998); see also essays in Smith and von Glahn (2003). 10) Marks (1996). 11) See Pomeranz (2000).…”

Section: Introduction: Cotton and The 'Great Divergence'mentioning

confidence: 96%

Cotton Textile Manufacture and Marketing in Late Imperial China and the ‘Great Divergence’

Zurndorfer¹

2011

J Econ Soc Hist Orient

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By 1800 cotton cloth was China's most important domestic trade commodity after grain. This paper reviews the history of cotton textile production in the Jiangnan region (or Lower Yangzi River area) where it thrived from 1300 to 1830, and discusses the factors contributing to its commercialization. It reveals the impact of the Ming and Qing governments in its institutionalization, and how the social organization of the industry was framed around the household economy and women's labor. This essay also documents the problems that cotton production and marketing encountered by the end of the eighteenth century, and demonstrates how the recent debates about the 'great divergence' and the nature of the Chinese political economy resonate in the history of China's cotton textile enterprise. Finally, it shows how in the first decades of the nineteenth century, empire-wide demographic and environmental constraints brought economic stasis to Jiangnan's cotton industry.

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Commercialization Without Capitalism: Processes of Environmental Change in South China, 1550–1850

Cited by 12 publications

References 0 publications

Determining Diasporic Chinese Identities from a Legal Perspective in China

Determining Diasporic Chinese Identities from a Legal Perspective in China

Early Modernities and Contentious Politics in Mid-Qing China, c. 1740–1839

Cotton Textile Manufacture and Marketing in Late Imperial China and the ‘Great Divergence’

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