Comments and illustrations of the WFUMB CEUS liver guidelines: Rare focal liver lesion – infectious parasitic, fungus

Abstract

In this series of papers on comments and illustrations of the World Federation for Medicine and Biology (WFUMB) guidelines on contrast enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) the topics of parasitic and fungus infections are discussed. Improved detection and characterization of common focal liver lesions (FLL) are the main topics of these guidelines but detailed and illustrating information is missing. The focus in this paper on infectious (parasitic and fungus) focal liver lesions is on their appearance on B-mode and Doppler ultrasound and CEUS features. Knowledge of these data should help to raise awareness of these rarer findings, to think of these clinical pictures in the corresponding clinical situation, to interpret the ultrasound images correctly and thus to initiate the appropriate diagnostic and therapeutic steps in time.

Comments on and illustrations of the WFUMB CEUS liver guidelines: Rare malignant neuroendocrine and predominant epithelioid liver lesions

“…sarcoidosis [20][21][22][23], tuberculosis [24,25], hydatid cysts [26][27][28][29], alveolar echinococcosis [27], schistosomiasis [30,31], ascariasis [32,33], fasciolosis [34], clonorchis and opisthorchis [35], toxocariasis [36], bacillary angiomatosis [37], and amyloidosis with spontaneous hemorrhage [38], as well as rare FLLs in pediatric patients [39,40]. More recently rare bacterial [41], parasitic [42], and autoimmune focal liver lesions [43], bile duct lesions [44], other benign FLL [45,46], and FLL other than HCC in the cirrhotic liver [47,48] have been featured as well [41][42][43]49].…”

Comments and illustrations of the WFUMB CEUS liver guidelines: Cystic fibrosis associated liver disease

“…However, there is now a wide range of data on rare focal liver lesions, which are only mentioned here as examples. These are of benign [6][7][8] and malignant [4,[9][10][11] origin, mesenchymal [12], vascular [13][14][15], autoimmune [16], sarcoidosis [17][18][19], infectious/parasitic pathogenesis [20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29], mucinous cystic neoplasms [30], lesions in liver cirrhosis [31,32], hepatic manifestations of amyloidosis [33], hematological diseases [34,35] and in pediatric patients [36].…”

Comments and illustrations of the WFUMB CEUS liver guidelines: Peliosis hepatis and porphyria

“…In addition, there are data on CEUS for various entities and clinical situations [42][43][44][45][46][47].…”