Commentary: Some focus and process considerations regarding effects of parental depression on children.

Rutter, Michael

doi:10.1037/h0092669

Cited by 279 publications

(198 citation statements)

References 62 publications

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“…These fi ndings are consistent with previous studies on parental effi cacy; effi cacy and satisfac- Figure 1 Relation between parental sense of competence and child cognitive outcomes as moderated by maternal depression tion in parenting are related to child well-being (Coleman & Karraker, 2003;Raikes & Thompson, 2005;Teti & Gelfand, 1991), but run counter to studies that have shown maternal depression to negatively relate to child outcomes (Abrams et al, 1995;Petterson & Albers, 2001;Rutter, 1990). Parental sense of competence, in some ways, is acting as a "buffer" for children.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 43%

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Risk and Protective Factors for Children of Adolescents: Maternal Depression and Parental Sense of Competence

2007

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 43%

“…As a result, maternal depression has been considered a risk factor for children's development (Abrams et al, 1995;Rutter, 1990) and cognitive outcomes Petterson & Albers, 2001). For example, Petterson and Albers (2001) found that maternal depression had an adverse impact on the cognitive and motor development of children, ages 28 to 50 months.…”

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confidence: 99%

Risk and Protective Factors for Children of Adolescents: Maternal Depression and Parental Sense of Competence

2007

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“…Some research suggests that girls and boys may be affected by maternal depression differently, with girls being more vulnerable to developing depression (Hops, 1996;O'Connor & Kasari, 2000) and boys more prone to conduct or externalizing problems (Cummings & Davies, 1994). Rutter (1990) has advanced the notion that family processes may differ according to youth gender, with depressed mothers potentially seeking comfort from their daughters and boys being exposed to more negativity and discord in the family. However, data with respect to gender-linked vulnerabilities and differences are mixed and do not provide consistent findings (see Cummings & Davies, 1994, for further discussion).…”

Section: Nih Public Accessmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Rutter (1990) has advanced the notion that family processes may differ according to youth gender, with depressed mothers potentially seeking comfort from their daughters and boys being exposed to more negativity and discord in the family. However, data with respect to gender-linked vulnerabilities and differences are mixed and do not provide consistent findings (see Cummings & Davies, 1994, for further discussion).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Mediators of the Relation Between Maternal Depressive Symptoms and Child Internalizing and Disruptive Behavior Disorders.

McCarty

McMahon

2003

Journal of Family Psychology

110

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Drawing on a normative sample of 224 youth and their biological mothers, this study tested 4 family variables as potential mediators of the relationship between maternal depressive symptoms in early childhood and child psychological outcomes in preadolescence. The mediators examined included mother-child communication, the quality of the mother-child relationship, maternal social support, and stressful life events in the family. The most parsimonious structural equation model suggested that having a more problematic mother-child relationship mediated disruptive behavior-disordered outcomes for youths, whereas less maternal social support mediated the development of internalizing disorders. Gender and race were tested as moderators, but significant model differences did not emerge between boys and girls or between African American and Caucasian youths.During the school-age years, children of depressed parents, 1 as compared with children of parents without a psychiatric history, have been found to have a range of negative outcomes spanning psychiatric, social, and health domains. Such outcomes include higher levels of internalizing and externalizing symptoms (Billings & Moos, 1983), more psychiatric disorder Weissman et al., 1987), poorer physical health, and greater deficits in academic, intellectual, and social and emotional competence (C. A. Anderson & Hammen, 1993;Goodman, Brogan, Lynch, & Fielding, 1993;Kaplan, Beardslee, & Keller, 1987;Weissman et al., 1987). Some researchers have found parental depression to be more important than such family risk factors as parent-child discord, low family cohesion, and poor marital adjustment in predicting later child psychopathology (Fendrich, Warner, & Weissman, 1 Although there is some research examining the children of depressed fathers (or depressed parents), (the vast majority of studies of effects of parental depression on children have focused on the influence of maternal depression. It has been suggested that mothers are more involved than fathers in the intergenerational transmission of depression (Hops, 1996). Also, throughout the article the term depressed is used to refer to parents with clinical depression (major depressive disorder or dysthymic disorder), whereas parents with depressive symptoms is used in reference to parents with elevated levels of self-reported symptoms who do not necessarily meet diagnostic criteria for depression. 1990). Overall, having a depressed parent appears to increase a child's general risk for psychopathology and specific risk for depression Beardslee, Versage, & Gladstone, 1998;Downey & Coyne, 1990), although many children from at-risk environments, including those with depressed parents, do not develop adjustment problems. Risk of adjustment problems for children of parents with subclinical depressive symptoms appears to be somewhat tempered in comparison with risk for children of clinically depressed parents (Forehand, McCombs, & Brody, 1987) but is still elevated compared with children of nonsymptomatic parent...

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“…Depresjon hos mødrene er den eksterne risikofaktoren som klarest samvarierer med alle typer av tilpasningsvansker hos barn (Campbell, 1995). Det har vaert anført at depresjon gjør mødrene mindre følelsesmessig tilgjengelige (Rutter, 1990) og at deres oppdragelsesmåter blir mer preget av kritikk enn det som er vanlig (Cummings & Davies, 1994). En lang rekke andre omgivelsesfaktorer er i tillegg funnet å bidra til etablering og opprettholdelse av vansker hos barn som er tre-fire år og eldre.…”

Section: Prediksjon Av Tilpasningsvanskerunclassified

Atferdsvansker og oppvekstkår – En longitudinell undersøkelse av norske barnefamilier

Mathiesen¹

2009

Nor J Epidemiol

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SAMMENDRAGOpplysninger om problematferd, temperament, belastninger og sosiale ressurser i barnefamilier ble samlet inn fra mødre til hele årskull helsestasjonsbrukere fra 19 helsestasjoner på Østlandet (n=1081). Informasjonen ble gitt da barna var henholdsvis halvannet år og to og et halvt år. Det var 86% av de aktuelle mødrene, 932, som deltok i den førte innsamlingsrunden. Omlag 80% av dem som fylte ut det første skjemaet besvarte også spørsmålene i det neste. Resultatene støtter antakelsen om at det er mulig å identifisere problematferd allerede hos 18 måneder gamle barn. De fleste former for problematferd syntes å danne meningsfulle mønstre med distinkte kjennetegn fra dette alderstrinnet. En faktorstruktur med fire vanskedimensjoner trådte fram på begge måletidspunktene: to dimensjoner kjennetegnet av utagerende problematferd, henholdsvis vansker med "sosial tilpasning" og med "overaktivitet-passivitet"; en dimensjon knyttet til emosjonell problematferd, vansker med "emosjonell tilpasning", og en fjerde vanskedimensjon knyttet til generell umodenhet, "selvreguleringsproblemer". Disse mønstrene ligner på dem som tidligere er identifisert gjennom studier av eldre førskolebarn. Resultatene tyder også på at vi allerede fra 18 måneders alderen kan begynne å identifisere risikofaktorer i oppvekstmiljøet, og temperamentstrekk ved barna, som bidrar til å predikere hvilke barn som vil ha vedvarende utagerende eller emosjonelle problemer og hvilke som vil ha mer forbigående vansker. I tillegg til at dataene kan belyse epidemiologiske problemstillinger, har kunnskap fra studiet bidratt i arbeidet med å forebygge psykososiale problemer i barnefamilier. ENGLISH SUMMARYInformation about problem behaviour, temperament, chronic strain and social resources among families with children was collected from a population-based sample of mothers when the children were 18 and 30 months of age. Of the 1081 eligible families, 932 (86%) participated in this first part of the project. Near 80% of the mothers who filled in the first questionnaire completed the second questionnaire as well. The data suggest that it is possible to identify risk factors for stable problems at 18 months, allowing some prediction of those children whose problems will persist over early childhood. A clear factor structure involving four dimensions emerged at both assessment times: two factors were characterised by externalising behaviours, and labelled "Social adjustment" and "Overactive-inattentive"; one factor tapped internalising problems, "Emotional adjustment"; and the fourth was related to general immaturity and labelled "Regulation". The factor structure was similar to that reported by Sonuga-Barke et al. (1997). Specific patterns of child and family risk factors were associated with stability and change over the two time points for each factor. Children with stable problems had the most problematic characteristics on all significant predictors, followed by children with problems at one, but not both, time points. Since specific risk factors emerged ...

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Commentary: Some focus and process considerations regarding effects of parental depression on children.

Cited by 279 publications

References 62 publications

Risk and Protective Factors for Children of Adolescents: Maternal Depression and Parental Sense of Competence

Risk and Protective Factors for Children of Adolescents: Maternal Depression and Parental Sense of Competence

Mediators of the Relation Between Maternal Depressive Symptoms and Child Internalizing and Disruptive Behavior Disorders.

Atferdsvansker og oppvekstkår – En longitudinell undersøkelse av norske barnefamilier

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