Commentary: An important contribution to pediatric cardiac surgery in low- and middle-income countries

Abstract

A large contemporary experience with the Mustard atrial switch for transposition of the great arteries is reported. A technical modification to maximize atrial baffle function is described.

Gross Morphology and Histology of The Heart and Lungs of Small Flying Fox (Pteropus hypomelanus)

“…The alveoli are lined mainly by exceedingly thin squamous epithelial cells (Type I pneumocytes) and fewer Type II pneumocytes. Type II are a bit more rounded compared to Type I and which produce surfactant (Bacha, 2020).…”

“…The heart is a muscular organ whose wall is composed of an endocardium, myocardium and epicardium. The thickness and composition of the wall vary, being thickest in the ventricles and thinnest in the atria (Bacha, 2020).…”

“…Then true bronchiole, which branch out to form the terminal bronchiole (Kerth, 2008). The terminal bronchioles, branch into two or more respiratory bronchioles, which divide into alveolar ducts that, in turn, empty into alveolar sacs (Bacha, 2020).…”

“…Respiratory bronchioles Fig (13) branch from the ends of terminal bronchioles. They are lined by a cuboidal epithelium, which became flattened distally, and their walls contain some smooth muscle fibers (Bacha, 2020). The terminal bronchioles are followed by the alveolar ducts, which terminates into alveolar sacs.…”

Pulmonary artery banding in a modified Mustard operation improves biventricular geometry and function

“…The modified Mustard operation is being increasingly used for patients with TGA and intact interventricular septum (TGA-IVS) with encouraging results. [1][2][3][4] One of the main objectives of this operation is to improve left ventricular (LV) filling and volume by enhancing the conduit, reservoir and contractile functions of the atrial channels. However, the shift of the IVS is known to increase tricuspid regurgitation due to tethering of the tricuspid septal attachments.…”