“…These findings have, however, been shown to be methodological artifacts in that they are unduly influenced by a few outlier observations and contingent on the exclusion of county units of observation with very small African American populations (Tolnay, Beck, & Massey, . For the ensuing debate, see Blalock, ; Creech, Corzine, & Lin, ; Reed, ; Tolnay, Beck, & Massey, ). Other sociological studies have, furthermore, failed to establish a link between lynching patterns and aspects of southern electoral party politics consistent with a political competition perspective such as the strength of the Republican Party and the Populist Party, which both to a lesser or greater extent challenged the hegemony of the White supremacist Democratic Party.…”