Comment on Mathes's Article

Roberts, Thomas B.

doi:10.1177/002216788202200410

Cited by 3 publications

(3 citation statements)

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“…Why does it pervade the literature so thoroughly? These questions arise because, even though isolated individuals have noted self-transcendence as a neglected step within Maslow's motivational hierarchy (e.g., Koltko-Rivera, 1998; Roberts, 1982), there is no mention of self-transcendence as a motivational status distinct from self-actualization in almost any textbook treatment of Maslow's theory. There are a few exceptions (e.g., Battista, 1996; Fadiman & Frager, 2002; Zimbardo & Gerrig, 1999); in addition, some texts describe self-actualization as embracing self-transcendence (e.g., Ryckman, 2000, p. 439).…”

Section: Why Has the Misconception Persisted?mentioning

confidence: 99%

Rediscovering the Later Version of Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs: Self-Transcendence and Opportunities for Theory, Research, and Unification

Koltko-Rivera

2006

Review of General Psychology

493

275

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The conventional description of Abraham Maslow's (1943, 1954) hierarchy of needs is inaccurate as a description of Maslow's later thought. Maslow (1969a) amended his model, placing self-transcendence as a motivational step beyond self-actualization. Objections to this reinterpretation are considered. Possible reasons for the persistence of the conventional account are described. Recognizing self-transcendence as part of Maslow's hierarchy has important consequences for theory and research: (a) a more comprehensive understanding of worldviews regarding the meaning of life; (b) broader understanding of the motivational roots of altruism, social progress, and wisdom; (c) a deeper understanding of religious violence; (d) integration of the psychology of religion and spirituality into the mainstream of psychology; and (e) a more multiculturally integrated approach to psychological theory.

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Section: Why Has the Misconception Persisted?mentioning

confidence: 99%

Rediscovering the Later Version of Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs: Self-Transcendence and Opportunities for Theory, Research, and Unification

Koltko-Rivera

2006

Review of General Psychology

493

275

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“…Maslow's theory and model have been extensively accepted in management science (Roberts 1982). He was highly respected in his own time.…”

Section: Acceptance Of Maslow's Theorymentioning

confidence: 99%

Motivation Parameters for Engineering Managers Using Maslow's Theory

Shoura¹,

Singh²

1999

J. Manage. Eng.

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This paper emphasizes total self-development of the individual for improved motivation and organization management. It builds on Maslow's hierarchy of needs theory to examine motivational levels for four levels of engineering staff at a public construction agency. The researchers studied these engineering groups qualitatively through interviews and quantitatively using a questionnaire. Using a holistic approach, this study focused on 15 parameters from Maslow's five essential needs-the physical, safety, social, esteem, and selfactualization levels. Considerable emphasis was placed on the development of Maslow's principle of ''self-actualization.'' This difficult-to-grasp concept, as Maslow reported, is a prerequisite for enlightened management. The researchers analyzed engineers' perceptions regarding the fulfillment of need parameters and measured their perception of the importance of those parameters. Among specific findings were that junior project engineers had higher scores on self-actualization than senior engineers. Findings showed that changes are desirable for satisfying meaningfulness of tasks, increasing self-sufficiency in doing the job, and improving individuality and sense of mission of employees. The application of the findings based on Maslow's model directly benefits the agency studied and other organizations in development programs. It also helps in increasing morale. BACKGROUND General Early psychologists, belonging to Freud's school, studied mentally ill people to learn about human nature and its deficiencies. Psychological principles were primarily developed by subjective interpretation of diseases and neuroses. Their theories also relied on methods such as interpretation of dreams to expand knowledge of the human inner self. The theories placed major motivational emphasis on deep urges and inner drives. Second-generation psychologists belonged to the Behaviorism school led by John Watson (Globe 1970). This group used strictly ''scientific'' principles. Their theory established an approach based on external, environmental influences. Behaviorists put great stress on the associative or stimulus-response learning as the major explanation for human behavior, made through assumptions such as that man is flexible, malleable, and a passive victim of his environment.

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“…Rogers foi definido como um revolucionário pacato, pois suas mensagens eram simples, mas com profundas implicações, como a ideia de que todos os indivíduos são dotados de uma tendência inerente ao crescimento e à atualização. Apesar desta crença no indivíduo como alguém com potencialidade intrínseca para se desenvolver satisfatória e construtivamente -o que ele conceituaria como "tendência atualizante" -ter sido amplamente divulgada e trabalhada ao longo dos escritos de Rogers (1939de Rogers ( /19781942/19741946;1947;1951/19921957;1961/1997197019771980/19831982a;1982b;Rogers & Kinget, 1965/1979Rogers & Rosenberg, 1977), este tema ainda incita reflexões e críticas por parte de estudiosos da área (Bakan, 1982;Friedman, 1982;Geller, 1982;May, 1982;Roberts, 1982;Advíncula, 1991;Moreira, 2007;2009).…”

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O conceito de tendência atualizante na prática clínica contemporânea de psicoterapeutas humanistas

Telles

Boris

Moreira

2014

RAG

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resumo: Este trabalho consiste em um estudo crítico acerca do conceito de tendência atualizante de Carl Rogers. Trata-se de uma noção-chave para a Abordagem Centrada na Pessoa (ACP) e se refere à tendência, inerente a todos os seres vivos, ao seu crescimento e à sua atualização. O objetivo desta investigação consistiu em compreender como psicoterapeutas percebem a manifestação da tendência atualizante em suas práticas clínicas. Foram realizadas entrevistas com dez psicoterapeutas que atuavam clinicamente a partir da ACP. Para a análise dos depoimentos coletados, foi utilizado o método fenomenológico crítico, de base merleau-pontyana. Os resultados mostraram que a tendência atualizante é considerada um conceito fundamental na prática psicológica clínica destes profissionais. Muitos deles afirmam que se trata de um conceito que se encontra atrelado às condições facilitadoras. Os entrevistados também disseram que o processo de crescimento apresenta dificuldades que merecem ser consideradas na relação entre psicoterapia e tendência atualizante. Os psicoterapeutas corroboram, em parte, o pensamento de Rogers na medida em que alguns apontaram questões pouco discutidas pelo criador da ACP, como o tom moral do conceito de tendência atualizante, bem como as dificuldades relativas ao processo de crescimento. Concluímos, considerando que tais pontos podem constituir importantes temas de investigação como desdobramentos contemporâneos da Abordagem Centrada na Pessoa.

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Comment on Mathes's Article

Cited by 3 publications

References 3 publications

Rediscovering the Later Version of Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs: Self-Transcendence and Opportunities for Theory, Research, and Unification

Rediscovering the Later Version of Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs: Self-Transcendence and Opportunities for Theory, Research, and Unification

Motivation Parameters for Engineering Managers Using Maslow's Theory

O conceito de tendência atualizante na prática clínica contemporânea de psicoterapeutas humanistas

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