“…Hybrid ion exchangers or HIX-Nano materials are comprised of a polymeric anion exchange resin support that is dispersed with metal oxide nanoparticles (e.g., iron, zirconium) both within the macropores and the gel phase. − HIX-Nano was commercialized over a decade ago because of its synergy of high capacity, high reusability and consequent reduction in the cost of treated water for arsenic, fluoride, and phosphate removal. ,,− Arsenic removed from groundwater is converted into solids (sludge) of ferric hydroxide that are contained over an aerated coarse filter under an oxidizing environment. Continued research and field-scale applications in India, Cambodia, Bangladesh, and Nepal have created robust and simple-to-apply sludge containment protocols in rural communities to ensure environmental compatibility and public safety. − In addition to robustness and high capacity, the reusability of HIX-Nano makes the process conducive to long-term application in developing countries due to lesser dependence on supply of the adsorbent material. Several community-based systems are in operation for more than a decade and HIX-Nano materials are now produced in India.…”