“…A second possibility is that the apparent temperatures result from precipitation of these carbonates under non-equilibrium conditions due to rapid mineral growth or precipitation at high pH (e.g., Watkins and Hunt, 2015), as proposed by Pietzsch (2021). In such a scenario, the carbonates could be precipitating at surface conditions, but not recording such temperatures because of a kinetic control on the clumped isotope signatures during non-equilibrium precipitation.…”