Command of the Commons: The Military Foundation of U.S. Hegemony

Posen, Barry R.

doi:10.1162/016228803322427965

Cited by 305 publications

(126 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…As the cost of projecting power decreases, states will be able to project power at greater distances thereby entering into a greater number of contests over governance with other states. Posen (2003) discusses the role of contested zones in generating military competition and the potential for conflict. A contested zone is a geographic space in which political control is unclear because states' military reach overlap.…”

Section: Previous Researchmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…States may obtain rents using coercion but this is not necessary for power projection to occur. States, such as the United States, project power for a variety of security related reasons such as the protection of sea lanes (Posen 2003), and the defense of allies (Blechman and Kaplan 1978;Meernik 1994;Meernik 2008). Such power projection behavior does not directly lead to the use of force or breakdowns in bargaining with other states.…”

Section: A Theory Of Power Projectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The further a state can project military power, and the more precise, discriminate, and destructive that force is, the more influence a state will have over international actors, and thus on the international system itself (Mahan 1890, Modelski 1987, Modelski and Thompson 1988, Posen 2003. In sum, power projection is a tool states use to exercise influence over the distribution of resources in the international system.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Going the Distance: The Price of Projecting Power

Markowitz

Fariss

2013

International Interactions

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Section: Previous Researchmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: A Theory Of Power Projectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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confidence: 99%

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Going the Distance: The Price of Projecting Power

Markowitz

Fariss

2013

International Interactions

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“…As resource revenues provide a disproportionately larger share of their total incomes, exporting countries should react more intensely to adverse market changes than major consumer states, which spend relatively less of their GDPs on energy imports. 9 Technological innovation may obliterate certain defensive obstacles, but even the IT-based 'revolution in military affairs', bestowing panoramic command of 'common' spaces on the USA, does not provide commensurable leverage over the 'contested zones', 10 where commodity extraction and initial shipment are likely to be located. Even Realist scholars acknowledge that great power intervention must often surmount longer distances, difficult terrain, logistical vulnerabilities (eg extended supply lines) and nationalist sentiment.…”

Section: Realismmentioning

confidence: 99%

Market cycles, power politics and the latest North – South energy trade conflict

Williams¹

2007

Third World Quarterly

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Energy trade periodically aligns Northern importing -consuming countries against predominantly Southern producing -exporting countries. Conflict appears to follow a cyclical pattern, whereby Northern firms invest in developing Third World hydrocarbon resources to meet consumer demand until market conditions enable unilateral efforts by host sovereigns to augment fiscal take and ownership share and to impose output restrictions, thereby elevating prices and revenues. Although markets eventually correct themselves, major consuming-country governments, to the extent that seller's markets attributable to exporter actions harm short-term consumer welfare and alternative options for restoring buyer's markets are lacking, have varying incentives to support military intervention. Shifting market conditions and power balances suggest six ideal-typical energy trade conflict strategies. Finally, to the extent that exporting states succeed in converting higher hydrocarbon revenues into energy-intensive economic growth, co-operative phases within this conflict pattern could yield to increasingly zero-sum interconsumer rivalry.Energy trade and foreign direct investment (FDI) are again pitting 'Northern' consumer and corporate interests against sovereign producers in the global 'South'.1 As the history of the oil sector indicates, multinational firms extracted Southern energy reserves to supply Northern consumption requirements until market conditions enabled Third World producingexporting countries to enlarge sovereign shares of asset values and gain control over extraction. Sustained price hikes then brought demand down, while bringing undeveloped geographical and geological frontiers into play, which multiplied exporters and strained collective output discipline, already attenuated by exporters' proclivity to raise output to serve expanding non-oil fiscal budgets. Recent upsurges in consumption and assertions of sovereign control over FDI suggest that a political -economic 'market cycle' is recurring.Paul A Williams is in the

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“…Essa capacidade exige, sobretudo, disponibilidade e permanente atualização dos meios necessários para se manterem abertas e controladas as vias globais de acesso aos teatros de operações em que o CS venha a ter que atuar -mar, ar e, embora ainda muito incipiente, o espaço. Este "comando dos comuns" é, e promete continuar sendo por um futuro apreciável, exclusividade dos EUA (POSEN, 2003 …”

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O Brasil e a reforma do Conselho de Segurança: uma análise realista

Mendes

2015

Contexto int.

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O governo brasileiro tem definido a busca por uma reforma do Conselho de Segurança como um dos principais pontos de sua agenda de política externa há pelo menos vinte anos. O presente artigo se propõe a analisar de maneira crítica e teoricamente informada o argumento que legitima esta demanda, tentando responder amplamente a duas questões: (i) em que medida a configuração sistêmica no pós-Guerra Fria corresponde às expectativas dos defensores da reforma?; e (ii) dada a real estrutura de poder do sistema internacional contemporâneo, uma expansão do Conselho de Segurança traria maior efetividade ao sistema de segurança coletiva baseado na ONU?

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Command of the Commons: The Military Foundation of U.S. Hegemony

Cited by 305 publications

References 7 publications

Going the Distance: The Price of Projecting Power

Going the Distance: The Price of Projecting Power

Market cycles, power politics and the latest North – South energy trade conflict

O Brasil e a reforma do Conselho de Segurança: uma análise realista

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