Comitant Horizontal Strabismus in South African Black and Mixed Race Children—A Clinic-based Study

Tinley, Christopher; Grötte, Rhian

doi:10.3109/09286586.2011.645107

Cited by 14 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…11 The Millennium Cohort Study from the United Kingdom identified being born by assisted delivery, low birth weight (<2500 g) and preterm delivery (<37 weeks) with an increased risk of isolated strabismus. 1 The ALSPAC study showed that the risk of convergent squint was related to prematurity (<37 weeks; OR 2.47) and that divergent squint was related to intra-uterine growth retardation (OR 4.31).…”

Section: Prematurity and Birth Weightmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Mixed race children have a more equal distribution between congenital esotropia (46%) and accommodative esotropia (35%). There was also a disproportionately lower number of strabismus cases in black children -81% mixed race: 19% black race although the ethnic composition for Cape Town was 50% mixed race: 30% black race 1 . What do we currently know about risk factors for strabismus?…”

mentioning

confidence: 93%

“…The previous issue of this journal contains a paper from Cape Town, S. Africa by C. Tinley and R Grotte which expands the current limited knowledge about strabismus in African children 1 . It was a retrospective clinic-based study from a state tertiary pediatric centre so did not include those attending the private health care sector (mainly white children and children from other ethnic backgrounds).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Horizontal Strabismus Worldwide – What Are The Risk Factors?

Donnelly¹

2012

Ophthalmic Epidemiology

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Section: Prematurity and Birth Weightmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 93%

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confidence: 99%

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Horizontal Strabismus Worldwide – What Are The Risk Factors?

Donnelly¹

2012

Ophthalmic Epidemiology

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“…The prevalence of strabismus is 2–4% among Caucasians, 2.4% among Hispanic/Latinos, 2.5% among African‐Americans, and 1% in East‐Asians . Among Caucasians, esotropia (inward misalignment) is three times more common than exotropia, while exotropia predominates in Cameroon black (63% of cases) and Asian populations (more than 70% of cases) . Studies consistently report balanced distribution between genders .…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Strabismus genetics across a spectrum of eye misalignment disorders

Patel

Wasserman

2014

Clinical Genetics

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Eye misalignment, called strabismus, is amongst the most common phenotypes observed, occurring in up to 5% of individuals in a studied population. While misalignment is frequently observed in rare complex syndromes, the majority of strabismus cases are non-syndromic. Over the past decade, genes and pathways associated with syndromic forms of strabismus have emerged, but the genes contributing to non-syndromic strabismus remain elusive. Genetic testing for strabismus risk may allow for earlier diagnosis and treatment, as well as decreased frequency of surgery. We review human and model organism literature describing non-syndromic strabismus, including family, twin, linkage, and gene expression studies. Recent advances in the genetics of Duane retraction syndrome are considered, as relatives of those impacted show elevated familial rates of non-syndromic strabismus. As whole genome sequencing efforts are advancing for the discovery of the elusive strabismus genes, this overview is intended to support the interpretation of the new findings.

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“…1 Infantile esotropia (IE) is a common type of concomitant convergent strabismus and in our region accounts for the majority of cases. 2 Surgery is the standard of care in IE with a success rate of about 75%-80%. 3 Surgical correction of strabismus in adults has been shown to be highly cost effective in developed countries.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cost comparison between botulinum neurotoxin and surgery in the treatment of infantile esotropia in a tertiary public hospital

et al. 2021

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ObjectiveTo compare the cost implications of botulinum neurotoxin (BNT) injection to surgery in infantile esotropia (IE) in a public/government funded hospital.Methods and analysisA simple costing comparison was undertaken for a randomised clinical trial in IE. Patients were randomised to receive either BNT or standard surgery. The participants in the BNT arm were further subdivided into subgroups based on their age in months and degree of esotropia in prism dioptres (PD) at presentation: G1 ≤60 PD/24 months, G2 ≤24 months/>60 PD, G3 >24 months/≤60 PD, G4 >24 months/>60 PD. The costs were calculated for each arm from primary treatment to eventual satisfactory outcome defined as orthophoria or microtropia (≤10 PD). A bottom-up costing analysis was done for single and multiple procedures for each arm. Comprehensive variable costs as well as fixed costs were calculated at each point of intervention and expressed in local currency ZAR (US$1=ZAR15.00). Costing was analysed for surgery and BNT subgroups (based on clinical success)ResultsThere were 101 patients enrolled in the trial. 54 in the BNT arm and 47 in the surgery arm. Cost for single surgery and single BNT was ZAR 7743.04 and 1713.14, respectively. A favourable clinical outcome was achieved in 72% of surgery arm and 37% of BNT arm. The mean cost for eventual favourable outcome in BNT arm was ZAR9158.08 and in surgery arm ZAR9124.27 (p=0.26). Mean cost in G1 was ZAR6328.45, in G2 ZAR7197.45, in G3 ZAR11891.93 and G4 ZAR12882.44 (p=0.018).ConclusionBNT has a cost–benefit in IE and is a viable option in the primary treatment of IE in resource constrained regions. Clinical outcomes and economic benefit in smaller angle of esotropia and younger patients are comparable to surgery.

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Comitant Horizontal Strabismus in South African Black and Mixed Race Children—A Clinic-based Study

Cited by 14 publications

References 11 publications

Horizontal Strabismus Worldwide – What Are The Risk Factors?

Horizontal Strabismus Worldwide – What Are The Risk Factors?

Strabismus genetics across a spectrum of eye misalignment disorders

Cost comparison between botulinum neurotoxin and surgery in the treatment of infantile esotropia in a tertiary public hospital

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