Combustion properties and thermal degradation behavior of polylactide with an effective intumescent flame retardant

Zhan, Jing; Song, Lei; Nie, Shibin; Hu, Yuan

doi:10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2008.12.015

Cited by 216 publications

(136 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…It should be noted that owing to the presence of the beneficial multifunctional agents (plasticizer, surface treating agent) applied, the total amount of FR additives needed in this case (10 wt% APP) is significantly lower than applied commonly in similar PLA based systems [9,10,32,33]. …”

Section: Flammabilitymentioning

confidence: 92%

Flax fibre reinforced PLA/TPS biocomposites flame retarded with multifunctional additive system

Bocz

Szolnoki

Marosi

et al. 2014

Polymer Degradation and Stability

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Fully biodegradable composites were developed, possessing prominent mechanical performance and reduced flammability at the same time. The manufactured composites consisted of PLA/TPS biopolymer *Corresponding author: tel: +36 1-463-3654, e-mail: gmarosi@mail.bme.hu, address: Budafoki út 8, Budapest, 1111, Hungary matrices reinforced with chopped flax fibres. The flammability of the prepared biocomposites was reduced by a newly synthesized multifunctional additive system. Glycerol phosphate (GP), a plasticizer of starch with flame retardant potential, and a novel phosphorous-silane (PSil), applied as a surface treating agent of the reinforcing biofibres, were successfully combined in order to reduce the flammability of the prepared biocomposites. Owing to the beneficial effect of the applied multifunctional additive system, a loading of as low as 10 wt% of ammonium polyphosphate (APP) proved to be sufficient to provide prominent levels of flame retardancy to the composites, i.e. V-0 rating according to UL94, 33 vol% LOI and a 40% reduction of heat emission were achieved. Furthermore, the combined application of the surface treated reinforcing flax fibres and plasticizer in the biodegradable, flame retarded biocomposites resulted in well-balanced strength and stiffness.

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Section: Flammabilitymentioning

confidence: 92%

Flax fibre reinforced PLA/TPS biocomposites flame retarded with multifunctional additive system

Bocz

Szolnoki

Marosi

et al. 2014

Polymer Degradation and Stability

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“…The peaks at 1070 cm −1 belong to the stretching vibrations of the P−O−P bond, and this indicates that some phosphate groups link to each other by sharing one oxygen atom. 12 The band at around 534 cm −1 can be ascribed to La−O and Ce−O bond stretching modes. 29 The char residues of PLA/30LaHP and PLA/30CeHP were also investigated by XPS, and the corresponding spectra are presented in Figure 14.…”

Section: ■ Results and Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Rare Earth Hypophosphite Salts on the Fire Performance of Biobased Polylactide Composites

Tang

Wang

Zhang

et al. 2013

Ind. Eng. Chem. Res.

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In this work, two kinds of rare earth hypophosphites (REHP), lanthanum hypophosphite (LaHP) and cerium hypophosphite (CeHP), were synthesized and characterized. Subsequently, LaHP and CeHP were added into polylactide to improve its flame retardant properties. Thermal gravimetric analysis was employed to investigate the thermal decomposition behavior of REHP and flame retardant polylactide composites (FR-PLA). The fire performance evaluated by microscale combustion calorimetry and cone calorimeter clearly demonstrated that the addition of LaHP and CeHP resulted in significant reduction of the heat release rate, low total heat release, and compact intumescent char layer. Thermogravimetric analysis− infrared spectrometry testing indicated that the addition of REHP significantly decreased the yields of pyrolysis products. Furthermore, the crystallization behaviors of FR-PLA composites were investigated by differential scanning calorimetry. The char residue of FR-PLA composites after cone calorimeter testing were also be investigated by scanning electron microscope, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. ■ INTRODUCTIONIn recent years, the increasing awareness of petroleum source and the environmental problems caused by persistent plastic wastes has impelled people to develop new ecofriendly and renewable materials to replace petroleum-based plastics. 1−3 Among these materials, polylactide (PLA) has received considerable attention because of its biodegradable, abundant renewable source, transparency and excellent mechanical properties. PLA holds tremendous promise in many fields, such as biomedical, household, engineering, packing industries, and so on. 4−8 However, like many other plastics, PLA presents poor flammability (typical limiting oxygen index (LOI) of 19.5 vol %, easily dripping in burning) in fire testing, which restricts its further development in some important fields. Therefore, it is meaningful to investigate flame-retarded PLA.It is well-known that intumescent flame retardant (IFR) shows good performance in some polymers as a halogen-free additive due to the advantage of little smoke production and low toxicity. 9 Reti et al. 10 studied the efficiency of different intumescent formulations to flame retard PLA, and the quantity of the additives has been optimized. Feng and Zhan et al. have researched different intumescent flame retardant systems for preparation of FR-PLA composites that showed good performance in the testing. 10−12 Other flame retardant additives, such as expanded graphite, 13 aluminum hydroxide, 14 and silica gel 15 have also been reported.Recently, aluminum hypophosphite (AHP) has been used as a flame retardant that has achieved effective flame retardance in polymer materials. Yang et al. found aluminum hypophosphite showed perfect flame retardancy in PET and PBT composites; 16,17 20 wt % of AHP could make glass-fiber/PBT composite reach an UL-94 V0 rating with a LOI value of 29 vol %, and 10 wt % of AHP could make glass-fiber/PET comp...

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“…TT4 with larger molecular weight and a higher degree of polymerization than TT23 tends to produce high-quality char the structure of which offers a powerful protection to the PLA composite from further burning. Zhan et al [47] synthesized an IFR, spirocyclic pentaerythritol bisphosphorate disphosphoryl melamine (SPDPM), from spirocyclic pentaerythritol bisphosphorate disphosphoryl chloride (SPDPC) and melamine to improve the fire performance of PLA. The introduction of SPDPM significantly enhanced the flame retardancy and reduced the dripping of PLA.…”

Section: Poly(lactic Acid) With Intumescent Flamementioning

confidence: 99%

Flame retarded poly(lactic acid): A review

Chow

Teoh

Karger‐Kocsis

2018

Express Polym. Lett.

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Combustion properties and thermal degradation behavior of polylactide with an effective intumescent flame retardant

Cited by 216 publications

References 21 publications

Flax fibre reinforced PLA/TPS biocomposites flame retarded with multifunctional additive system

Flax fibre reinforced PLA/TPS biocomposites flame retarded with multifunctional additive system

Effect of Rare Earth Hypophosphite Salts on the Fire Performance of Biobased Polylactide Composites

Flame retarded poly(lactic acid): A review

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