Combustion of droplets in sprays

Chigier, Norman; McCreath, C.G.

doi:10.1016/0094-5765(74)90028-9

Cited by 82 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…The maximum flamelet temperature was 2000°C close to the burner but dropped drastically above 0.6 cm to approximately 500°C at 4 cm by mixing with the surrounding gas. 25 In contrast, the maximum spray flame temperature was 2300°C up to a height of 5 cm. Droplets containing solvent and precursor continuously evaporate and supply FIG.…”

Section: A Spray Flame Characterizationmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Independent Control of Metal Cluster and Ceramic Particle Characteristics During One-step Synthesis of Pt/TiO₂

et al. 2005

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Rapid quenching during flame spray synthesis of Pt/TiO 2 (0-10 wt% Pt) is demonstrated as a versatile method for independent control of support (TiO 2 ) and noble metal (Pt) cluster characteristics. Titania grain size, morphology, crystal phase structure, and crystal size were analyzed by nitrogen adsorption, electron microscopy and x-ray diffraction, respectively, while Pt-dispersion and size were determined by CO-pulse chemisorption. The influence of quench cooling on the flame temperature was analyzed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Increasing the quench flow rate reduced the Pt diameter asymptotically. Optimal quenching with respect to maximum Pt-dispersion (∼60%) resulted in average Pt diameters of 1.7 to 2.3 nm for Pt-contents of 1-10 wt%, respectively.

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Section: A Spray Flame Characterizationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This evaporation region is observed also in classic fuel spray combustion. 25 It is attributed to fuel mass transfer limitation that slows the combustion and prolongs the high temperature region. The distinctive constant temperature region can be shortened, for example, by increasing the oxidant flow.…”

Section: A Spray Flame Characterizationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Independent Control of Metal Cluster and Ceramic Particle Characteristics During One-step Synthesis of Pt/TiO₂

et al. 2005

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“…With the increase in pressure, the exit flow velocity of the tangential swirl air is increased, which increases the angular momentum and the swirl intensity. 26 Burning SRF particles can be seen as small specks of light on the darker background, and have also been highlighted by blue circles.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Imaging of Flames in Cement Kilns To Study the Influence of Different Fuel Types

et al. 2017

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The cement industry aims to use an increased amount of alternative fuels to reduce production costs and CO 2 emissions. In this study three cement plants firing different kinds and percentages of alternative fuel were studied. A specially developed camera setup was used to monitor the flames in the three cement kilns and assess the effect of alternative fuels on the flame. It was found that co-firing with solid recovered fuel (SRF) would delay the ignition point by about 2 meters and lower the intensity and temperature of the kiln flame compared to a fossil fuel flame. This is related to a larger particle size and moisture content of the alternative fuels, which lowers the conversion rate compared to fossil fuels. The consequences can be a lower kiln temperature and cement quality. The longer conversion time may also lead to the possibility of localized reducing conditions in the cement kiln, which can have a negative impact on the clinker quality and process stability. The burner design may alleviate some of the issues encountered with SRF co-firing. At one of the test plants the burner was changed from a design with an annular channel for axial air to a jet design. This proved to be beneficial for an early ignition and improved dispersion of the fuel and led to an increase in cement quality and higher use of SRF.

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“…11 When the liquid fuel is injected from the center of the jet into its periphery, as is the case discussed in the present paper, a signi cant reduction of the droplet size and the drag on the fuel droplets injected along the center is, therefore, expected, and this will reduce the penetration of the droplets into the external jet shear layer. The experiments in this paper support this expectation, as will be shown later.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 93%

Flourescence and Temperature Measurements in an Actively Forced Swirl-Stabilized Spray Combustor

Santhanam

Knopf

Acharya

et al. 2002

Journal of Propulsion and Power

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The effect of synchronized liquid fuel injection into combustion zones within excited air vortices in a smallscale model of a swirl-stabilized combustor was studied using planar laser induced uorescence (PLIF) imaging of OH. Both the liquid fuel stream and airstream were forced at a normalized frequency of approximately 6. Air vortices were produced by acoustically forcing the airstream. The liquid fuel was modulated at the same frequency and injected at different phase angles relative to the air vortex formation. Air was forced at two levels, and both nonswirling and swirling ow situations (swirl number of 0.3) were considered. Instantaneous and phase-averaged PLIF images of OH and time-averaged temperature measurements were obtained for different phase differences between the two forcing signals. The PLIF images indicated that with forcing there was an increase in the radial distribution of the reaction zones and a decrease in the height of the ame above the nozzle exit for both nonswirling and swirling conditions.Swirl also produced better mixing alongthe radial direction for low forcing amplitudes.The phase difference between the two forcing signals produced a signi cant change in the reaction zones particularly at a low-forcing level and with swirl. The single-shot and phase-averaged PLIF images indicated that in the unforced swirling ow, high OH concentrations were obtained in two regions: an inner brush ame region and an outer ame-sheet-type region. The effect of the outer shear layer on combustion was enhanced by swirl, as the swirl increased the droplet dispersion away from the axis. With forcing, the mixing between the inner and outer regions is enhanced, and the time-averaged OH concentrations show that the primary combustion occurs in the inner core region of the ame. Nomenclature D = diameter of the exit nozzle N s = swirl number r = radial distance T = temperature U = streamwise velocity U av = time-averaged streamwise velocity U 0 = averaged velocity at nozzle exit x = streamwise distance

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Combustion of droplets in sprays

Cited by 82 publications

References 6 publications

Independent Control of Metal Cluster and Ceramic Particle Characteristics During One-step Synthesis of Pt/TiO₂

Independent Control of Metal Cluster and Ceramic Particle Characteristics During One-step Synthesis of Pt/TiO₂

Imaging of Flames in Cement Kilns To Study the Influence of Different Fuel Types

Flourescence and Temperature Measurements in an Actively Forced Swirl-Stabilized Spray Combustor

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Combustion of droplets in sprays

Cited by 82 publications

References 6 publications

Independent Control of Metal Cluster and Ceramic Particle Characteristics During One-step Synthesis of Pt/TiO2

Independent Control of Metal Cluster and Ceramic Particle Characteristics During One-step Synthesis of Pt/TiO2

Imaging of Flames in Cement Kilns To Study the Influence of Different Fuel Types

Flourescence and Temperature Measurements in an Actively Forced Swirl-Stabilized Spray Combustor

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Product

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Independent Control of Metal Cluster and Ceramic Particle Characteristics During One-step Synthesis of Pt/TiO₂

Independent Control of Metal Cluster and Ceramic Particle Characteristics During One-step Synthesis of Pt/TiO₂