Combustion of ammonium perchlorate and various inorganic additives

Boggs, T. L.; Zurn, D. E.; Cordes, Herman F.; Covino, J.

doi:10.2514/3.23028

Cited by 35 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…In addition, these pieces of information are important for trace-back capability in the supply-chain of the energetic material because some influence on the combustion process cannot be excluded by the listed elements. For example, it is known from the literature a positive catalytic effect on AP decomposition of Mn, in form of dioxide, or an increment of the burning rate of propellants when Mg is added [27,28]. However, at author's knowledge there is no reported evidence of additive effectiveness at said ppm level in propellants.…”

Section: 2x-ray Diffractionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Iron oxide as solid propellant catalyst: A detailed characterization

et al. 2019

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Section: 2x-ray Diffractionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Iron oxide as solid propellant catalyst: A detailed characterization

et al. 2019

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“…Boggs et al [22] studied the combustion of single-crystal AP and pellets pressed from 99.9% pure AP with particle sizes ranging from 44 to 77 μm. Pellets (2 × 6 × 10 mm) were manufactured using a hydraulic press which applied a force of 48,600 psi for 30 minutes.…”

Section: Ap Pellet With Additive Studiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Burning Rate Characterization of Ammonium Perchlorate Pellets Containing Micro- and Nano-Catalytic Additives

Rodriguez

Thomas

Sammet

et al. 2022

Journal of Propulsion and Power

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Ammonium perchlorate (AP) is an extensively used oxidizer in solid composite propellants, and its combustion behavior can be tailored by the presence of catalytic additives such as metal oxides. Nano-sized metal oxide catalysts have been utilized in place of their micro-sized counterparts to tailor burning rates of composite Ammonium Perchlorate (AP)/Hydroxyl-terminate Polybutadiene (HTPB) propellants. The effects of micro-and nano-sized metal oxide catalysts on the combustion of AP were investigated and thoroughly characterized herein.AP pellets were manufactured with micro-and nano-iron oxide (Fe2O3) and micro-and nano-titanium oxide (TiO2) at several mass loadings (0-3% by mass) and were burned from 3.45-34.5 MPa (500-5,000 psi) in a constant-volume strand bomb.Intimate contact between the AP and micro-or nano-catalysts was ensured using a Resonant Acoustic Mixer (RAM). The homogenous mixture of AP and catalyst was pressed into pellets using a Carver hydraulic press. The sides of the pellets were inhibited prior to burning to discourage side-wall burning.The incorporation of 1% µFe2O3 yielded the highest burning rate among all formulations herein within the investigated pressure range. The incorporation of nTiO2 and nFe2O3 yielded burning rates which were independent of mass loading within the range of evaluated conditions (0.25-1%). All micro-formulations investigated increase the burning rate at pressures ranging from roughly 13. 500 psi) and 4.50-8.60 MPa (650-1,250 psi) and for µTiO2 and µFe2O3, respectively; and these viii

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“…To find the reason, Kubota [45] took LiF as an example to analyze the thermal decomposition process of AP particles with and without it. Combined with the results of X-ray analysis, the observed two-stage decomposition process was estimated to be as follows: Therefore, NH 4 F did inhibit the reaction (the AP plus NH 4 F samples would not burn), but also the LiClO 4 played a role [46].…”

Section: Metal Saltsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Therefore, NH 4 F did inhibit the reaction (the AP plus NH 4 F samples would not burn), but also the LiClO 4 played a role [46].…”

Section: Burning Rate Suppressants For Ap‐based Composite Propellantsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Review on the Use of Burning Rate Suppressants in AP‐Based Composite Propellants

Pang²,

Wang³

et al. 2021

Propellants Explo Pyrotec

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Ammonium perchlorate (AP) is the most widely used oxidant in composite propellants. Propellants based on AP usually have a high burning rate, but in some applications, it is necessary to have a slower burning rate. The functional additives, which can reduce the burning rate of propellants, were named coolants, burning rate suppressants (BRSs), burning rate depressants, or burning rate inhibitors. This paper introduced different types of BRSs, such as amide-based compounds, cyclic azines, quaternary ammonium salts, metal salts, etc., their mechanism and development in AP-based composite propellants. For organic amines, the burning rate trend is as follows: biuret < melamine < oxamide < urea < base. Cyclic azines are special organic amines which form large, thermally stable cyclic azines in addition to common low-molecular-weight gases NH 3 , CO 2 , HCN, and N 2 O when heated. With the smallest addition but the highest effect, quaternary ammonium salts will not reduce the specific impulse of the propellant, nor do they interfere with cure reaction or adversely affect the physical properties of the cured propellant. Metal salts reduce the burning rate by forming more stable substances than HClO 4 with AP. The mechanism of BRSs is complicated, but all of them can be explained based on AP deflagration. At last, the development trend of efficient BRSs was discussed, the preparation of liquid BRSs and the combination of AP bonding agents with BRSs were both first proposed, which worth further research in the future.

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Combustion of ammonium perchlorate and various inorganic additives

Cited by 35 publications

References 19 publications

Iron oxide as solid propellant catalyst: A detailed characterization

Iron oxide as solid propellant catalyst: A detailed characterization

Burning Rate Characterization of Ammonium Perchlorate Pellets Containing Micro- and Nano-Catalytic Additives

A Review on the Use of Burning Rate Suppressants in AP‐Based Composite Propellants

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