Combustion kinetics of swine manure and algal solids

Combustion Behavior of Animal-Manure-Based Hydrochar and Pyrochar

“…The composition of manure can be highly variable, depending on the type of animal, diet, feed composition, housing system, and manure management (type of bedding material, reuse/removal frequency, storage, and handling). Besides the organic animal and feed wastes, manure contains plant nutrients (e.g., N, P, K, Ca, Mg, S), trace elements (e.g., Cu, Zn, As), pesticide/pharmaceutical residues, and microorganisms. , The potential use of animal manures as bioenergy feedstocks for waste-to-bioenergy conversion has been reported in the literature, via combustion − and via thermochemical conversion processes such as wet and dry gasification and pyrolysis. − Difficulties in using manure as a fuel comes from its relatively high moisture content (e.g., poultry litter: 5–40%, swine solids: 66–97%), low bulk and energy densities, variable chemical composition, and high ash content. ,,, The low bulk density limits how far manures can be economically transported for use as fuel or fertilizer . In addition, the chemical composition of animal manures can be very different than coal. , Increased contents of Cl, N, and S, typical for agricultural biomasses, can lead to problems in boilers or downstream components, such as metal corrosion (Cl), interfere with catalytic processes removing NO x and SO x (As) or, in systems with no emission control, can cause higher emissions of NO x , HCl, and SO x , Furthermore, the high amount of ash-forming elements can lead to so-called “slagging” and “fouling”, requiring more cleaning operations for the boiler and heat exchangers to avoid disturbances and reductions in efficiency.…”

Kinetic study of the CO2 gasification of manure samples

“…Even though this type of biomass presents positive applications, its use has associated certain risks and dangers for environment and human healthy due to the presence of pathogens [5]. Moreover, traditional uses of livestock manure (LSM) have to be changed due to land limitations and stricter regulations [6]. Therefore, the valorization of the manure surplus for bioenergy generation could be a sustainable choice since it is considered a zero-cost feedstock [7,8].…”