Combustion inhibition and enhancement of premixed methane–air flames by halon replacements

Pagliaro, John L.; Linteris, Gregory T.; Sunderland, Peter B.; Baker, Patrick

doi:10.1016/j.combustflame.2014.07.006

Cited by 89 publications

(65 citation statements)

References 49 publications

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“…In the FAA-ACT, overpressures were observed (indicating an increase in flammability) [4,5]. Similarly, in a constantvolume apparatus at high agent loadings in lean flames, increases in pressure, burning velocity, and flame temperature were observed [23].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 94%

A Chemical Kinetic Mechanism for 2‐Bromo‐3,3,3‐trifluoropropene (2‐BTP) Flame Inhibition

Burgess

Babushok

Linteris

et al. 2015

Int J of Chemical Kinetics

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In this work, we report a detailed chemical kinetic mechanism to describe the flame inhibition chemistry of the fire-suppressant 2-bromo-3,3,3-trifluoropropene (2-BTP), under consideration as a replacement for CF 3 Br. Under some conditions, the effectiveness of 2-BTP is similar to that of CF 3 Br; however, like other potential halon replacements, it failed an U.S. Federal Aviation Authority (FAA) qualifying test for its use in cargo bays. Large overpressures are observed in that test and indicate an exothermic reaction of the agent under those conditions. The kinetic model reported herein lays the groundwork to understand the seemingly conflicting behavior on a fundamental basis. The present mechanism and parameters are based on an extensive literature review supplemented with new quantum chemical calculations. The first part of the present article documents the information considered and provides traceability with respect to the reaction set, species thermochemistry, and kinetic parameters. In additional work, presented more fully elsewhere, we have combined the 2-BTP chemical kinetic mechanism developed here with several other submodels from the literature and then used the combined mechanism to simulate premixed flames over a range of fuel/air stoichiometries and agent loadings. Overall, the modeling results qualitatively predicted observations found in cupburner tests and FAA Aerosol Can Tests, including the extinguishing concentrations required and the lean-to-rich dependence of mixtures. With these data in hand, in a second phase of the present work, we perform a reaction path analysis of major species under several modeled conditions. This analysis leads to a qualitative understanding of the ability of 2-BTP to act as

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 94%

A Chemical Kinetic Mechanism for 2‐Bromo‐3,3,3‐trifluoropropene (2‐BTP) Flame Inhibition

Burgess

Babushok

Linteris

et al. 2015

Int J of Chemical Kinetics

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“…[26], 2-BTP in hydrocarbon flames largely decomposes into the same fragments as does CF 3 Br, and since the CF 3 Br mechanism itself was updated, the CF 3 Br sub-mechanism in the 2-BTP mechanism was tested first, by comparing measured and calculated flame inhibition by CF 3 Br. Figure 1 shows the measured [42–45] and calculated [26,46] burning velocity of stoichiometric methane-air flames with added CF 3 Br (using same kinetic mechanism and the SANDIA PREMIX code) [26,46]. As illustrated, the agreement is excellent, lending confidence in the CF 3 Br sub-mechanism.…”

Section: Approachmentioning

confidence: 89%

“…As illustrated, the agreement is excellent, lending confidence in the CF 3 Br sub-mechanism. For 2-BTP, data have recently become available [45,46] on its effect on the measured and calculated burning velocity of CH 4 - and C 3 H 8 -air flames. For example, Fig.…”

Section: Approachmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Understanding overpressure in the FAA aerosol can test by C3H2F3Br (2-BTP)

Linteris

Babushok

Pagliaro

et al. 2016

Combustion and Flame

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Thermodynamic equilibrium calculations, as well as perfectly-stirred reactor (PSR) simulations with detailed reaction kinetics, are performed for a potential halon replacement, C3H2F3Br (2-BTP, C3H2F3Br, 2-Bromo-3,3,3-trifluoropropene), to understand the reasons for the unexpected enhanced combustion rather than suppression in a mandated FAA test. The high pressure rise with added agent is shown to depend on the amount of agent, and is well-predicted by an equilibrium model corresponding to stoichiometric reaction of fuel, oxygen, and agent. A kinetic model for the reaction of C3H2F3Br in hydrocarbon-air flames has been applied to understand differences in the chemical suppression behavior of C3H2F3Br vs. CF3Br in the FAA test. Stirred-reactor simulations predict that in the conditions of the FAA test, the inhibition effectiveness of C3H2F3Br at high agent loadings is relatively insensitive to the overall stoichiometry (for fuel-lean conditions), and the marginal inhibitory effect of the agent is greatly reduced, so that the mixture remains flammable over a wide range of conditions. Most important, the flammability of the agent-air mixtures themselves (when compressively preheated), can support low-strain flames which are much more difficult to extinguish than the easy-to extinguish, high-strain primary fireball from the impulsively released fuel mixture. Hence, the exothermic reaction of halogenated hydrocarbons in air should be considered in other situations with strong ignition sources and low strain flows, especially at preheated conditions.

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“…It is found that the reactions containing HCl were the chain propagation reactions: HCl + O M Cl + OH, HCl + OH M H 2 O + Cl and Cl + HO 2 M ClO + OH, together with the termination reaction: Cl + HO 2 M HCl + O 2 . Besides the investigations mentioned above, some other studies related to the influence of HX-type or halogen gas on fuel oxidation also had significant assistance to our research [27][28][29][30][31].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Experimental investigation and numerical simulation of CO oxidation with HCl addition

Wang

Wei

et al. 2016

Fuel

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Combustion inhibition and enhancement of premixed methane–air flames by halon replacements

Cited by 89 publications

References 49 publications

A Chemical Kinetic Mechanism for 2‐Bromo‐3,3,3‐trifluoropropene (2‐BTP) Flame Inhibition

A Chemical Kinetic Mechanism for 2‐Bromo‐3,3,3‐trifluoropropene (2‐BTP) Flame Inhibition

Understanding overpressure in the FAA aerosol can test by C3H2F3Br (2-BTP)

Experimental investigation and numerical simulation of CO oxidation with HCl addition

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