Combustion characteristics and thermal decomposition mechanism of the flame-retardant cable in urban utility tunnel

Zheng, Xuejun; Cai, Guobin; Guo, J.; Gao, Wenjing; Yuan, Hang; Tong, Xin

doi:10.1016/j.csite.2023.102887

Cited by 35 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…Optimization problem includes the different constraints [74][75][76][77][78][79][80]. Constraints are as equality and inequality formulation [81][82][83][84][85][86][87]. Optimization formulation is as non-linear, linear, mixed integer non-linear or mixed integer linear models [88][89][90][91].…”

Section: Vpp Constraintsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Network‐constrained unit commitment‐based virtual power plant model in the day‐ahead market according to energy management strategy

Pirouzi

2023

IET Generation Trans & Dist

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Energy management of a virtual power plant (VPP) that consists of wind farm (WF), energy storage systems and a demand response program is discussed in the present study. The introduced strategy is realized at the electrical power transmission level and takes into account the collaboration between VPPs in day‐ahead energy and reserve markets. One notable feature of the proposed strategy is attempting to make the revenue of VPPs close to the operating cost of generating units as much as possible. The objective function is subjected to the network‐constrained unit commitment model, up and down reserve requirements and the proposed VPP constraints. This method is taking into account the uncertainty in system and VPP loads, day‐ahead market energy and reserve price and WF power generation. This strategy is applied as hybrid stochastic‐robust scheduling to the VPP at the electrical power transmission level, where the scenario‐based stochastic programming models the uncertainty of day‐ahead market prices, and the bounded uncertainty‐based robust optimization has been adopted to model the uncertainties related to the load and WF power. Scheme has been tested on IEEE systems. According to the obtained results, the proposed coordination of VPPs in the mentioned markets demonstrates capability of suggested strategy.

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Section: Vpp Constraintsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Network‐constrained unit commitment‐based virtual power plant model in the day‐ahead market according to energy management strategy

Pirouzi

2023

IET Generation Trans & Dist

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“…Optimization problem includes the different constraints [77][78][79][80][81]. Constraints are as equality and inequality formulation [82][83][84][85][86]. Optimization formulation is as non-linear, linear, mixed integer non-linear or mixed integer linear models [87][88][89][90][91].…”

Section: Formulation Of the Ibvpp Operationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Energy management of distribution network with inverter‐based renewable virtual power plant considering voltage security index

Azarhooshang,

Rezazadeh

2023

IET Renewable Power Gen

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Virtual power plants (VPP) with resources and storages are able to control the active power of the network. They are also connected to the network through an inverter, which is capable of controlling reactive power. Therefore, it is expected that the optimal use of inverter‐based VPP can play an effective role in improving the economic and technical status of the distribution network. So, the operation of a smart distribution system is presented in this paper by considering inverter‐based VPPs constrained to the operator's measures. The weighted sum of expected energy loss (EEL) and voltage security index (VSI) is minimized while considering AC optimal power flow equations, restrictions of network's security, and operating model of the inverter‐based VPPs. Uncertainties with an origin of the amount of demand, renewable energy, and parameters of mobile energy storage are also discussed. The uncertainties are modelled using a stochastic optimization approach relying on the unscented transformation (UT). Evaluating inverter‐based VPP performance, providing models of flexible resources such as responsive loads and mobile storages, checking network voltage security status, and modelling uncertainties using the UT method are among the innovations of this study. According to the results, it is demonstrated that the technical situation of the distribution system is improved with the help of optimal management of the VPP. With energy management of the inverter‐based VPP, the suggested design has succeeded to enhance the operating status (voltage security) of the system by approximately 33–73% (12%) in comparison to power flow studies.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…When a fire breaks out in a utility tunnel, a city's communication function, power supply function, gas supply function, etc., can be interrupted, thus resulting in paralysis of the city's main functions [3,[6][7][8]. Most studies examining fires in utility tunnels have mainly focused on the temperature inside the space [7,8]. Additionally, partial fire characteristics were reflected by establishing a theoretical model that simplified the internal structure of the field and utility tunnels.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Analyzing previous studies shows that existing research related to cable fires applied to utility tunnels has mainly been focused on the methods that can be used to calculate the amount of heat generated from a flame or suppress the spread of a flame [2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10]. Bian et al [2] designed a system using a sensor that detects initial heat in the event of a fire in cables.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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An Experimental Study for Deriving Fire Risk Evaluation Factors for Cables in Utility Tunnels

Seo,

Chung,

Song

2023

Fire

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In this study, we performed three tests to measure the fire-retardant performance of power cables installed in utility tunnels. The standards we applied for testing are ISO 5660-1, NES 713, and IEEE 1202. Specifically, we performed a cone calorimetric analysis, calculated the toxicity index, and measured the flame spread length on material surfaces. Even though the same fire-retardant chemical composites were applied, various differences in fire-retardant performance were found depending on the chemical properties of the cable sheath and insulation. We also found that gaseous substances generated during the burning of cables can serve as important risk assessment factors in fires. We determined that, in addition to the heat generated when the cable burns, the toxic gases emitted at this time can also be a risk factor. This is because it is important to consider any potential risk to a person entering as part of an initial response to an event or accident involving cables installed in utility tunnels. Moreover, in the event of a fire in the cable, there is a risk of hazardous substances flowing into the city center as toxic gases are released. Therefore, we determined that the risk of hazardous gases emitted during cable fire should be reflected in the fire-retardant performance standard.

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Combustion characteristics and thermal decomposition mechanism of the flame-retardant cable in urban utility tunnel

Cited by 35 publications

References 23 publications

Network‐constrained unit commitment‐based virtual power plant model in the day‐ahead market according to energy management strategy

Network‐constrained unit commitment‐based virtual power plant model in the day‐ahead market according to energy management strategy

Energy management of distribution network with inverter‐based renewable virtual power plant considering voltage security index

An Experimental Study for Deriving Fire Risk Evaluation Factors for Cables in Utility Tunnels

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