Combustion behaviour and dominant shrinkage mechanism of flexible polyurethane foam in the cone calorimeter test

Wang, Yong; Kang, Wendong; Chen, Chao; Zhang, Xiaoyu; Yang, Lihua; Chen, Xi; Cui, Gongyousheng; Zhang, Yaru; Zhang, Feng; Li, Shaoxiang

doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2018.11.027

Cited by 31 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…This collapse often is referred to as “melting.” Yet, PU is a crosslinked polymer, meaning that the term “melting” is misleading. The collapse is due to the thermal decomposition of the material generating liquid pyrolysis products 12 . The result is the formation of a viscous liquid layer consisting of the pyrolyzed foam.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Thus, foams are considered to be hazardous materials and their applications necessitate the modification of the material's burning behavior, while the variety of their usage demands different flame‐retardant approaches 5,6 . Different studies on the fire phenomena of rigid PU foams (RPUFs) were performed, 7,8 and the burning behavior of flexible foams was studied in greater detail 9‐14 . Even though flexible foams are chemically similar to rigid foams, their burning behavior differs crucially, 9 yet the development of flame retardant strategies requires a comprehensive understanding of the fire phenomena occurring during the combustion of a material 15 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Bubbles and collapses: Fire phenomena of flame‐retarded flexible polyurethane foams

Günther

Levchik²,

Schartel

2020

Polymers for Advanced Techs

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Flexible polyurethane foams (FPUF) are easy to ignite and exhibit rapid flame spread. In this paper, the fire phenomena of two standard foam formulations containing tris(1,3‐dichloro‐2‐propyl) phosphate (FR‐2) and a halogen‐freepoly (ethyl ethylene phosphate) (PNX), respectively, as flame retardants are compared. A multi‐methodological approach is proposed which combines standard fire tests as well as new investigatory approaches. The thermophysical properties of the foams were determined by thermogravimetric analysis (TG), reaction to small flames was studied by means of the limiting oxygen index (LOI) and UL 94 HBF test, and the burning behavior was investigated with the cone calorimeter. Further, temperature development in burning cone calorimeter samples was monitored using thermocouples, and rheological measurements were performed on pyrolyzed material, delivering insight into the dripping behavior of the foams. This paper gives comprehensive insight into the fire phenomena of flame‐retarded FPUFs that are driven by the two‐step decomposition behavior of the foams. LOI and UL 94 HBF tests showed a reduced flammability and reduced tendency to drip for the flame‐retarded foams. TG and cone calorimeter measurements revealed that the two‐step decomposition behavior causes two stages during combustion, namely structural collapse and pool fire. The flame‐retardant mode of action was identified to take place primarily during the foam collapse and be based mainly on flame inhibition. However, some condensed‐phase action was been measured, leading to significantly increased melt viscosity and improved dripping behavior for foams containing PNX.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bubbles and collapses: Fire phenomena of flame‐retarded flexible polyurethane foams

Günther

Levchik²,

Schartel

2020

Polymers for Advanced Techs

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“…This property is promoting the fast ignition of the surface of the foam. In addition, rapidly the material tends to shrink, which, in turn, leads to the collapse of the porous structure of the foam and to the formation of a pool fire (Krämer, Zammarano, Linteris, Gedde, & Gilman, 2010;Wang et al, 2019). Oxidative processes, especially in the case of open-cell foams, reinforce these effects.…”

Section: Synthesis Of Alginate Foammentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Oxidative processes, especially in the case of open-cell foams, reinforce these effects. The density of the foam strongly influences shrinkage and heat release rate (Wang et al, 2019). Rigid and flexible PU (polyurethane) foams, as well as expanded polystyrene (EPS) foams, have very interesting and adaptable properties that may explain their large application in packaging; however, these PU foams are hazardous in terms of fire propagation.…”

Section: Synthesis Of Alginate Foammentioning

confidence: 99%

Fire behavior of innovative alginate foams

Vincent¹,

Vincent²,

Dumazert³

et al. 2020

Carbohydrate Polymers

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A new biosourced composite foam (AF, associating foamed alginate matrix and orange peel filler) is successfully tested for fire-retardant properties. This material having similar thermal insulating properties and density than fire-retardant polyurethane foam (FR-PUF, a commercial product) shows promising enhanced properties for flame retardancy, as assessed by different methods such as thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), pyrolysis com-bustion flow calorimetry (PCFC) and a newly designed apparatus called RAPACES for investigating large-scale samples. All these methods confirm the promising properties of this alternative material in terms of fire pro-tection (pHRR, THR, EHC, time-to-ignition, flame duration or production of residue), especially for heat flux not exceeding 50 kW m − 2 . At higher heat flux (i.e., 75 kW m − 2 ), flame retardant properties tend to decrease but maintain at a higher level than FR-PUF. The investigation of the effect of AF thickness shows that the critical thickness (CT) is close to 1.5-1.7 cm: heat diffusion and material combustion are limited to the CT layer that protects the underlying layers from combustion. A multiplicity of factors can explain this behavior, such as: (a) negligible heat conduction, (b) low heat of combustion, (c) charring formation, and (d) water release. Water being released from underlying layers, dilutes the gases emitted during the combustion of superficial layers and promotes the flame extinction.

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“…Consequently, most of them are directly burnt, causing severe environmental pollution as a result of giving off large amounts of nitrogen oxides and carbon oxides. [1][2][3] Actually, polyurethane foams wastes have the potential to prepare value-added nitrogen-doped carbon materials, which, suitable used in battery systems, additionally, can alleviate environmental pollution. [4][5][6] Lithium-sulfur (Li-S) batteries have gained tremendous prospects as a candidate for energy storage devices, which in favor of the high theoretical specific capacity (1670 mAꞏhꞏg −1 ), high theoretical specific energy (2675 Wꞏhꞏkg −1 ), low toxicity, and natural abundance of elemental sulfur.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Electrochemical behaviors of graphene decorated sulfurized polyurethane foam-based ultra-microporous carbon

Zhou

Chen

et al. 2020

E3S Web Conf.

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Polyurethane foam is a typical commercial polymer with a large production quantity and its waste needs to be recycled. This work reports a facile method to prepare ultra-microporous carbon from the polyurethane foam (PUF) waste and use it as a reservoir to impregnate sulfur for Li-S batteries. The raw PUF was carbonized and then activated with KOH. By controlling the activation temperatures, four carbon materials (PUFC-T) with different textures and N-doping levels were obtained. PUFC-800 shows the highest BET surface area, microporous volume, and quaternary N and pyridine N-oxide species. The electrochemical test results showed that higher microporous volume is beneficial to increase the uniform distribution of sulfur, as a result, the cycle stability and rate capacity is improved significantly. A large reversible capacity of 542 mAh g-1 can be retained at a large current of 0.5 C after 200 cycles with high sulfur loading of 70%.

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Combustion behaviour and dominant shrinkage mechanism of flexible polyurethane foam in the cone calorimeter test

Cited by 31 publications

References 18 publications

Bubbles and collapses: Fire phenomena of flame‐retarded flexible polyurethane foams

Bubbles and collapses: Fire phenomena of flame‐retarded flexible polyurethane foams

Fire behavior of innovative alginate foams

Electrochemical behaviors of graphene decorated sulfurized polyurethane foam-based ultra-microporous carbon

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