Combustion and Thermal Properties of Flame Retardant Polyurethane Foam With Ammonium Polyphosphate Synergized by Phosphomolybdic Acid

Xu, Zhirong; Xu, Zihui; Tao, Ran; Mao, Liangchen; Zhan, Jing; Xiao, Jiang‐Wen; Chen, Yu

doi:10.3389/fmats.2022.944368

Cited by 7 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 31 publications

(30 reference statements)

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“…The beginning of the emission of aromatic compounds from T max1a for ethyl formates 1-3 and T max1 ′ for methyl acetates 4-6 is well seen from the gaseous FTIR spectra, shown in Figure 4. Their emission is confirmed by the appearance of the stretching vibrations of the C Ar-H at 3050-3079 cm −1 , the stretching vibrations of the C Ar =C Ar at 1510-1580 cm −1 , and the out-of-plane deformation vibrations of the C Ar-H at 780-867 cm −1 [43][44][45]. The emission of aromatic fragments is visible to temperatures of 500-540 • C for all the tested compounds.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 70%

Studies on the Thermal Decomposition Course of Nitrogen-Rich Heterocyclic Esters as Potential Drug Candidates and Evaluation of Their Thermal Stability and Properties

Worzakowska,

Sztanke,

Sztanke

2024

IJMS

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Drug candidates must undergo thermal evaluation as early as possible in the preclinical phase of drug development because undesirable changes in their structure and physicochemical properties may result in decreased pharmacological activity or enhanced toxicity. Hence, the detailed evaluation of nitrogen-rich heterocyclic esters as potential drug candidates, i.e., imidazolidinoannelated triazinylformic acid ethyl esters 1–3 (where R1 = 4–CH3 or 4–OCH3 or 4–Cl, and R2 = –COOC2H5) and imidazolidinoannelated triazinylacetic acid methyl esters 4–6 (where R1 = 4–CH3 or 4–OCH3 or 4–Cl, and R2 = –CH2COOCH3)—in terms of their melting points, melting enthalpy values, thermal stabilities, pyrolysis, and oxidative decomposition course—has been carried out, using the simultaneous thermal analysis methods (TG/DTG/DSC) coupled with spectroscopic techniques (FTIR and QMS). It was found that the melting process (documented as one sharp peak related to the solid–liquid phase transition) of the investigated esters proceeded without their thermal decomposition. It was confirmed that the melting points of the tested compounds increased in relation to R1 and R2 as follows: 2 (R1 = 4–OCH3; R2 = –COOC2H5) < 6 (R1 = 4–Cl; R2 = –CH2COOCH3) < 5 (R1 = 4–OCH3; R2 = –CH2COOCH3) < 3 (R1 = 4–Cl; R2 = –COOC2H5) < 1 (R1 = 4–CH3; R2 = –COOC2H5) < 4 (R1 = 4–CH3; R2 = –CH2COOCH3). All polynitrogenated heterocyclic esters proved to be thermally stable up to 250 °C in inert and oxidising conditions, although 1–3 were characterised by higher thermal stability compared to 4–6. The results confirmed that both the pyrolysis and the oxidative decomposition of heterocyclic ethyl formates/methyl acetates with para-substitutions at the phenyl moiety proceed according to the radical mechanism. In inert conditions, the pyrolysis process of the studied molecules occurred with the homolytic breaking of the C–C, C–N, and C–O bonds. This led to the emission of alcohol (ethanol in the case of 1–3 or methanol in the case of 4–6), NH3, HCN, HNCO, aldehydes, CO2, CH4, HCl, aromatics, and H2O. In turn, in the presence of air, cleavage of the C–C, C–N, and C–O bonds connected with some oxidation and combustion processes took place. This led to the emission of the corresponding alcohol depending on the analysed class of heterocyclic esters, NH3, HCN, HNCO, aldehydes, N2, NO/NO2, CO, CO2, HCl, aromatics, and H2O. Additionally, after some biological tests, it was proven that all nitrogen-rich heterocyclic esters—as potential drug candidates—are safe for erythrocytes, and some of them are able to protect red blood cells from oxidative stress-induced damage.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 70%

Studies on the Thermal Decomposition Course of Nitrogen-Rich Heterocyclic Esters as Potential Drug Candidates and Evaluation of Their Thermal Stability and Properties

Worzakowska,

Sztanke,

Sztanke

2024

IJMS

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“…Regarding the literature, the results achieved with these flame retardants were comparable to or higher than those presented in other works. For instance, Xu et al, 2022 [ 90 ], showed that a commercial PUF with 15% of APP loading only reached a V-1 rating. In other works, using phosphorous and silicon-based flame retardants for PUFs, they showed that it is sometimes necessary to either use a synergist or higher loadings to reach a V-0 rating [ 91 , 92 ].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Elaboration of Thermally Performing Polyurethane Foams, Based on Biopolyols, with Thermal Insulating Applications

De Hoyos-Martinez,

Mendez,

Martinez

et al. 2024

Polymers

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In this work, biobased rigid polyurethane foams (PUFs) were developed with the aim of achieving thermal and fireproofing properties that can compete with those of the commercially available products. First, the synthesis of a biopolyol from a wood residue by means of a scaled-up process with suitable yield and reaction conditions was carried out. This biopolyol was able to substitute completely the synthetic polyols that are typically employed within a polyurethane formulation. Different formulations were developed to assess the effect of two flame retardants, namely, polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (POSS) and amino polyphosphate (APP), in terms of their thermal properties and degradation and their fireproofing mechanism. The structure and the thermal degradation of the different formulations was evaluated via Fourier Transformed Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Likewise, the performance of the different PUF formulations was studied and compared to that of an industrial PUF. From these results, it can be highlighted that the addition of the flame retardants into the formulation showed an improvement in the results of the UL-94 vertical burning test and the LOI. Moreover, the fireproofing performance of the biobased formulations was comparable to that of the industrial one. In addition to that, it can be remarked that the biobased formulations displayed an excellent performance as thermal insulators (0.02371–0.02149 W·m−1·K−1), which was even slightly higher than that of the industrial one.

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“…Polyurethane is an important polymer that can derive a variety of products, which is widely used in the market 1 . Polyurethane foam (PUF) is a polymer synthesized by polyols, isocyanates, and other additives, which is easy to prepare and has good mechanical properties, insulation, and other excellent properties 2 . PUF is widely used in construction, medical treatment, furniture, aviation, military, and other applications 3 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of prepared barium phytate on thermal stability and combustion properties of flexible polyurethane foams

Zhang,

Li,

Sun

et al. 2024

Fire and Materials

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Flame retardant barium phytate (PABA) was prepared by phytic acid and barium carbonate. PABA was used to modify flexible polyurethane foam (FPUF) by “one‐step method” to obtain composite FPUF‐PABA. The effects of PABA on the thermal stability and combustion properties of FPUFs were studied by smoke density (Ds), cone calorimeter (CONE), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and pyrolysis kinetic analysis. The results indicated that the addition of PABA improved the flame‐retardant properties of the modified FPUFs. The CONE results showed that PABA significantly reduced the PHRR and total heat release (THR) of FPUF, and FPUF‐PABA15 had the lowest PHRR (44.69 kW/m2) and THR (2.49 MJ/m2). TGA showed that FPUF‐PABA15 had maximum residual masses of 27.14%, 26.99%, 28.61%, and 27.25% at four heating rates, respectively. Integral programmed decomposition temperature analysis found that FPUF‐PABA15 also had the highest decomposition temperature, 225.56, 210.54, 148.83, and 162.13°C at four different heating rates. At the same time, the computational activation energy of FPUF‐PABA15 was also the highest, at 133.30, 140.46, and 129.46 kJ/mol, respectively. Ds indicated that FPUF‐PABA15 had the best smoke suppression performance, Ds decreased by 2.47 and light transmittance increased by 2.33%. The current results provide a better formulation for bio‐based flame retardant‐modified FPUF.

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Combustion and Thermal Properties of Flame Retardant Polyurethane Foam With Ammonium Polyphosphate Synergized by Phosphomolybdic Acid

Cited by 7 publications

References 31 publications

Studies on the Thermal Decomposition Course of Nitrogen-Rich Heterocyclic Esters as Potential Drug Candidates and Evaluation of Their Thermal Stability and Properties

Studies on the Thermal Decomposition Course of Nitrogen-Rich Heterocyclic Esters as Potential Drug Candidates and Evaluation of Their Thermal Stability and Properties

Elaboration of Thermally Performing Polyurethane Foams, Based on Biopolyols, with Thermal Insulating Applications

Effect of prepared barium phytate on thermal stability and combustion properties of flexible polyurethane foams

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