Combustion and Ignition Properties of Ammonium Nitrate and Activated Carbon Mixtures

Miyake, Akira; Kobayashi, Hidefumi; Echigoya, Hiroshi; Ogawa, Terushige

doi:10.1615/intjenergeticmaterialschemprop.v8.i5.30

Cited by 6 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 1 publication

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“…Miyake et al reported on DSC tests of AN with added AC. Their results (Table ) show that a small amount of fuel (4%) added to AN does not raise the heat production significantly, but does lower the temperature of the exo peak.…”

Section: Reactions Involving Additional Substancesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Thermal decomposition of ammonium nitrate

Babrauskas

Leggett²

2019

Fire and Materials

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The thermal decomposition reactions of ammonium nitrate (AN) are reviewed. Both neat AN and AN containing various contaminants are examined, however quantitative kinetics results are not encompassed. Also not included is the performance of AN as the oxidizer in rocket propellants or in explosives such as ANFO. The review is intended to be the most comprehensive review of decomposition reactions of AN since Berthelot's treatise of 1892. Despite hundreds of papers on the topic that have appeared in the intervening years, understanding of decomposition mechanisms remains only modestly more complete than it was in Berthelot's day. However, some additional reaction steps and mechanisms have been identified and these are discussed. Explosions of AN most commonly involve fire as the proximate cause, yet chemical-mechanism research on the topic is nil. A modest number of studies have explored the potentiation of AN decomposition by organic contaminants. These have, thus far, not produced guidance useful for promoting of safety from fire-related causes. Contamination from inorganic sources, notably chlorides is better understood and some mechanisms have been studied. The UN classification of AN as an oxidizer, instead of as an explosive, should not be interpreted literally, since AN has been associated with numerous detonation disasters. K E Y W O R D Sammonium nitrate,

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Section: Reactions Involving Additional Substancesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Thermal decomposition of ammonium nitrate

Babrauskas

Leggett²

2019

Fire and Materials

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“…For high AC content, the temperatures of exothermic peaks were only slightly higher than the melting point (169.6 • C). Miyake et al [22] also indicated that 7% wt. of AC in the AN-AC system is stoichiometric.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…Gunawan and Zhang noticed that the presence of pyrite in ANFOs chemical composition additionally catalyzes the decomposition reaction of an explosive [10]. The influence of the flammable component on the blasting properties of ANFO has also been studied [11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24]. In the conducted research, the combustible components were coal dust, sugar in the powdered and crystalline forms, aluminum dust, 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene, and fuel oil.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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On the Investigation of Microstructured Charcoal as an ANFO Blasting Enhancer

et al. 2020

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In this study, we examined the influence of microstructured charcoal (MC) when added to ammonium nitrate fuel oil (ANFO) samples. We performed a study that investigated ANFOs structure, crystallinity, and morphology by utilizing infrared spectroscopy (IR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), respectively. MC characteristics were probed by Raman spectroscopy and SEM analysis. SEM analysis indicated how fuel oil (FO) covered ammonium nitrate prill. Moreover, the surface of the MC was covered by specific microfibers and microtubes. The disordered graphitic structure of the MC was also confirmed by Raman spectroscopy. Simulation of blasting properties revealed that the addition of MC should decrease blasting parameters like heat explosion, detonation pressure, and detonation temperature. However, the obtained differences are negligible in comparison with the regular ANFO. All analyses indicated that MC was a good candidate as an additive to ANFO.

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“…Apart from FO [ 18 , 19 , 20 , 21 , 22 , 23 , 24 , 25 , 26 , 27 , 28 , 29 , 30 , 31 , 32 , 33 , 34 , 35 , 36 , 37 , 38 , 39 , 40 , 41 , 42 , 43 , 44 ], in the available bibliography, many examples of ANFO additives have been reported, such as: charcoal; coal dust; activated carbon [ 18 , 19 , 20 , 21 , 22 , 23 , 24 , 25 , 26 ]; 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) [ 19 ]; nitromethane [ 27 ]; iron persulfide (II) [ 19 ]; pyrite [ 28 , 29 ]; aluminum, magnesium, copper and zinc dusts [ 5 , 20 , 21 , 30 , 31 ]; sugar [ 5 , 20 , 21 ]; lubricants [ 32 ]; polyolefin wastes [ 33 , 34 ,…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Variously Prepared Zeolite Y as a Modifier of ANFO

et al. 2022

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In the presented research, we investigated Ammonium Nitrate Fuel Oil (ANFO), with the addition of variously modified zeolite Y as an attractive explosive. Analysis of both blasting tests and thermodynamic models of blasting properties led to the conclusion that the addition of zeolite Y enhanced the detonation properties of such prepared ANFO via the growth of the detonation pressure, temperature, compression energy, and heat of the explosion. Generally, the modification of ANFO with variously prepared zeolite Y also reduced the volume of (COx + NOx) post-blast fumes. Furthermore, it was found that the ANFO’s velocity of detonation (VOD) could be controlled by the choice of the way of zeolite Y modification. Namely, for zeolite Y without Mg, as well as Mg-Y prepared via the impregnation method, the VOD rose. The opposite effect was observed when ANFO was modified with Mg-Y, obtained from the deposition of Mg over zeolite Y via the ultrasonic-assisted procedure.

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Combustion and Ignition Properties of Ammonium Nitrate and Activated Carbon Mixtures

Cited by 6 publications

References 1 publication

Thermal decomposition of ammonium nitrate

Thermal decomposition of ammonium nitrate

On the Investigation of Microstructured Charcoal as an ANFO Blasting Enhancer

Variously Prepared Zeolite Y as a Modifier of ANFO

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