Combining stir‐bar sorptive extraction and large volume injection‐gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry for the determination of benzotriazole UV stabilizers in wastewater matrices

Abstract

Stir-bar sorptive extraction and liquid desorption followed by large volume injection-gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry under selected ion monitoring mode acquisition (SBSE-LD/LVI-GC-MS(SIM)) was applied for the determination of six benzotriazole UV stabilizers (Tinuvin P, Allyl-bzt, Tinuvin 320, Tinuvin 326, Tinuvin 327 and Tinuvin 328) in wastewater matrices. Parameters affecting the performance of extraction and desorption steps were thoroughly evaluated using uni- and multivariate optimization strategies, based on the use of experimental factorial designs. Assays performed with stir bars, coated with 24 μL of polydimethylsiloxane, on 25 mL of ultra-pure water samples spiked at the 0.5 ng/mL level, yielded recoveries ranging from 47.9±1.4% (Tinuvin P) to 103.1±3.6% (Tinuvin 326), under optimized experimental conditions. When applied to complex matrices (e.g. wastewater), the methodology showed also excellent linear dynamic ranges (0.02-10.00 ng/mL) for the six benzotriazole UV stabilizers studied with correlation coefficients higher than 0.9970, limits of quantification in between 0.004 and 0.015 ng/mL, suitable repeatability (RSD<12.7%) and reproducibility (RSD<4.5%). The application of the proposed methodology to urban sewage waters from Spain and Portugal wastewater plants revealed the presence of low contents of some benzotriazole UV stabilizers.

Analytical Methods in Uv Degradation and Stabilization Studies

“…22 Sorptive extraction and large volume injection-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry was used for the determination of benzotriazole UV stabilizers in wastewater matrices. 46 Gas chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry was used for determination of benzotriazole ultraviolet stabilizers in sludge samples. 47 UV absorbers and stabilizers in polypropylene were analyzed by liquid chromatography/atmospheric pressure chemical ionization-mass spectrometry.…”

Benzotriazole ultraviolet stabilizers alter the expression of the thyroid hormone pathway in zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos

“…Due to their high production volume and wide application, BUVSs have been frequently detected in various environmental matrices such as municipal waste water, sewage sludge, sediment, soil, and indoor dust (Lai et al, 2014;Ramos et al, 2016;Wang et al, 2013a). Most BUVSs are detected in aquatic environments at mean concentrations ranging from 2.3 to 544.9 ng/L (Carpinteiro et al, 2010(Carpinteiro et al, , 2012García-Guerra et al, 2016;Kameda et al, 2011;Liu et al, 2011;Montesdeoca-Esponda et al, 2012;Song et al, 2014). Among these BUVSs, UV-326, UV-327, and UV-328 appear to be the most frequently detected compounds in environmental samples (Cantwell et al, 2015;Kameda et al, 2011;Langford et al, 2015;Liu et al, 2011;Nakata et al, 2009;Ruan et al, 2012;Song et al, 2014;Wick et al, 2016;Zhang et al, 2011).…”

Multiresidue determination of UV filters in water samples by solid‐phase extraction and liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry analysis

“…sunbathing and swimming in seas, lakes, and rivers) and industrial wastewater discharges and indirectly via wastewater treatment plants . Furthermore, some UV‐absorbing species (UV stabilizers) are also present in several plastic products and packaging, paints, glasses, textiles, to prevent yellowing and degradation of polymers and pigments .…”