Combining Spatial Analysis and a Drinking Water Quality Index to Evaluate Monitoring Data

Li, Hongxing; Smith, Charlotte; Wang, Li; Zheng, Li; Xiong, Chuanlong; Zhang, Rong

doi:10.3390/ijerph16030357

Cited by 18 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…Nowadays, geographical information system (GIS) has been widely used as an effective tool to integrate various databases and develop solutions for assessing water quality, reducing water resources problems, preventing flooding and understanding the natural environment (Venkatramanan et al 2019). Precautionary indicators of potential environment-related health problems include groundwater quality distribution maps and risk assessment maps (Arnous et al 2011;Gnanachandrasamy et al 2015;Ameen 2019;Li et al 2019).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hydrochemical appraisal of groundwater quality for drinking and irrigation: a case study in parts of southwest coast of Tamil Nadu, India

Stanly

Srinivas

Oliver³

et al. 2021

Appl Water Sci

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The quality of groundwater standards in Muttom–Mandaikkadu coastal stretch is the focus of the present study, whose coastal aquifers are particularly at risk due to intrusion of marine water. Thirty groundwater samples were scrutinized for the assessment of physical and chemical parameters during January and June. Hydrochemical characteristics were spatially depicted to understand the spatial variations such as (pH, EC, TDS, Na+, K+, Ca2+ and Mg2+, SO42−, HCO3−, and Cl−). Drinking water quality index based on those 11 parameters and irrigation water quality index based on EC, Na%, sodium adsorption ratio and permeability index was used to assess the water quality for drinking and irrigation, respectively. These results demonstrate that dominant hydrochemical facies for groundwater in both months are Na-K-Cl-SO4 type and Ca-Mg-Cl-SO4 type. The USSL diagram endorses that most of the water samples belong to low-medium salinity with low sodium hazards. Cl−/HCO3− ratio indicates that the majority of the samples show low to moderate seawater intrusion in the study area. Additionally, six vertical electrical sounding measuring points (Schlumberger array) were carried out in order to determine the number of the underlying layers, aquifer depths and their thicknesses as well as its influence by the marine water. The geophysical self-potential measurements suggest that the groundwater in the Manavalakurichi area is prone to contamination by seawater intrusion, confirmed by the use of Schlumberger vertical electrical sounding. For better understanding, the subsurface layers were shown in a 2D model using the constructed geoelectrical cross section.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hydrochemical appraisal of groundwater quality for drinking and irrigation: a case study in parts of southwest coast of Tamil Nadu, India

Stanly

Srinivas

Oliver³

et al. 2021

Appl Water Sci

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“…As stated by Aleem et al (2018), the combination of GWQI and spatial analysis has proved to be a robust tool for assessing groundwater quality [44,45]. The geographic information system (GIS) enables the use of various interpolation methods for GWQI spatial analysis, such as proximity interpolation, inverse distance weighted interpolation, and the kriging interpolation method (KIM) [46,47]. Compared to other interpolation methods, the KIM method employs statistical approaches to eliminate spatial trends in data.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

GIS-Based Spatiotemporal Mapping of Groundwater Potability and Palatability Indices in Arid and Semi-Arid Areas

Judeh

Bian

Shahrour

2021

Water

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This paper aims to assess groundwater potability and palatability in the West Bank, Palestine. It combines the adjusted weighted arithmetic water quality index method (AWAWQIM), a close-ended questionnaire, and step-wise assessment ratio analysis (SWARA) to develop groundwater potability (PoGWQI) and palatability (PaGWQI) indices. Both a geographic information system (GIS) and the kriging interpolation method (KIM) are employed to create spatiotemporal mapping of PoGWQI and PaGWQI. The research is based on data from 79 wells, which were provided by the Palestinian Water Authority (PWA). Data include fecal coliform (FC), nitrate (NO3), pH, chloride (Cl), sulfate (SO4), bicarbonate (HCO3), total dissolved solids (TDS), turbidity, and hardness. Results indicate that 2% and 5% of water samples were unpotable and unpalatable, respectively. Unpotable samples were found in areas with poor sewer networks and intensive use of agrochemicals. All groundwater samples (100%) in the eastern part of the West Bank were unpalatable because of seawater intrusion. Unconfined aquifers were more vulnerable to potability and palatability contamination. It was noticed that PoGWQI is sensitive to FC and NO3, while PaGWQI is sensitive to HCO3, TDS, and Cl. Consequently, these quality parameters should be monitored well. The proposed method is of great interest to water decision-makers in Palestine for establishing strategies to protect water resources.

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“…From 1990 to 2012, an estimated 488 million Chinese gained access to improved water sources (WHO/ UNICEF 2014), and, in roughly the same period (1990 to 2013), the age-standardized death rate associated with diarrheal disease decreased by 95.2% (Zhou et al 2016). Although industrial, agricultural, and other chemical contaminants in drinking water are a growing problem in China and elsewhere, with respect to reducing acute drinking water-associated health risks in rural China, the control of pathogens in drinking water remains a government priority (Li et al 2019b(Li et al , 2020.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…2016 ). Although industrial, agricultural, and other chemical contaminants in drinking water are a growing problem in China and elsewhere, with respect to reducing acute drinking water-associated health risks in rural China, the control of pathogens in drinking water remains a government priority ( Li et al. 2019b , 2020 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Boiled or Bottled: Regional and Seasonal Exposures to Drinking Water Contamination and Household Air Pollution in Rural China

Cohen

Pillarisetti

Luo

et al. 2020

Environ Health Perspect

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Background: Inadequate access to safe drinking water remains a global health problem, particularly in rural areas. Boiling is the most commonly used form of point-of-use household water treatment (HWT) globally, although the use of bottled water in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) is increasing rapidly. Objectives: We assessed the regional and seasonal prevalence of HWT practices (including bottled water use) in low-income rural areas in two Chinese provinces, evaluated the microbiological safety of drinking water and associated health outcomes, and estimated the air pollution burden associated with the use of solid fuels for boiling. Methods: We conducted cross-sectional surveys and collected drinking water samples from 1,033 rural households in Guangxi and Henan provinces. Temperature sensors affixed to pots and electric kettles were used to corroborate self-reported boiling frequencies and durations, which were used to model household air pollution (HAP) in terms of estimated particulate matter in aerodynamic diameter ( ) concentrations. Results: Based on summer data collection in both provinces, after controlling for covariates, boiling with electric kettles was associated with the largest log reduction in thermotolerant coliforms (TTCs) ( TTC most probable number ), followed by boiling with pots ( ), and bottled water use ( ); all were statistically significant ( ). Boiling with electric kettles was associated with a reduced risk of TTC contamination [risk ratio , ] and reported diarrhea ( , ). TTCs were detected in 51% ( ) of bottled water samples. For households boiling with biomass, modeled concentrations averaged ( ). Discussion: Our findings suggest that where boiling is already common and electricity access is widespread, the promotion of electricity-based boiling may represent a pragmatic stop-gap means of expanding safe water access until centralized, or decentralized, treated drinking water is available; displacing biomass use for water boiling could also reduce HAP concentrations and exposures. Our results also highlight the risks of increasing bottled water use in rural areas, and its potential to displace other sources of safe drinking water, which could in turn hamper efforts in China and other LMICs toward universal and affordable safe water access. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP7124

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Combining Spatial Analysis and a Drinking Water Quality Index to Evaluate Monitoring Data

Cited by 18 publications

References 28 publications

Hydrochemical appraisal of groundwater quality for drinking and irrigation: a case study in parts of southwest coast of Tamil Nadu, India

Hydrochemical appraisal of groundwater quality for drinking and irrigation: a case study in parts of southwest coast of Tamil Nadu, India

GIS-Based Spatiotemporal Mapping of Groundwater Potability and Palatability Indices in Arid and Semi-Arid Areas

Boiled or Bottled: Regional and Seasonal Exposures to Drinking Water Contamination and Household Air Pollution in Rural China

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