The
accurate discrimination of single-nucleotide variants is of
great interest for disease diagnosis and clinical treatments. In this
work, a unique DNA probe with “Hill-type” cooperativity
was first developed based on toehold-mediated strand displacement
processes. Under simulation, this probe owns great thermodynamics
advantage for specificity due to two mismatch bubbles formed in the
presence of single-nucleotide variants. Besides, the strategies of
ΔG′ = 0 and more competitive strands
are also beneficial to discriminate single-nucleotide variants. The
feasibility of this probe was successfully demonstrated in consistent
with simulation results. Due to “Hill-type” cooperativity,
the probe allows a steeper dynamic range compared with previous probes.
With simulation-guided rational design, the resulting probe can accurately
discriminate single-nucleotide variants including nucleotide insertions,
mutation, and deletions, which are arbitrarily distributed in target
sequence. Two specificity parameters were calculated to quantitatively
evaluate its good discrimination ability. Hence, “Hill-type”
cooperativity can serve as a novel strategy in DNA probe’s
design for accurate discrimination of single-nucleotide variants.