Combining a Multispecies Water Quality and Pressure-Driven Hydraulic Analysis to Determine Areas at Risk During Sustained Pressure-Deficient Conditions in a Distribution System

Health risks due to intrusion into the drinking water distribution network: hydraulic modelling and quantitative microbial risk assessment

“…This implied that the constituents were travelling at the same velocity as the bulk fluid and hence deviations from the mean velocity, representing axial dispersion, were assumed to be relatively small and hence neglected. 5,39,62 This assumption could have led to the overestimation of pathogen concentrations in pipes with laminar flow conditions, for instance, dead-end pipes, where dispersion may be significant. 5 In estimating the GWLs, the assumption of uniformity in soil properties in the study area as the observed boreholes could have led to overestimations due to the heterogeneous nature of soils and the complex flow of water through soils.…”

Using Nodal Infection Risks to Guide Interventions Following Accidental Intrusion due to Sustained Low Pressure Events in a Drinking Water Distribution System

“…The DS model used in this study includes 30,077 nodes and 3 water treatment plants (WTPs), which serve nearly 400,000 residents. More details on the simulated full-scale network can be found in Hatam et al [7]. The unplanned shutdown of one WTP was simulated and a 5 m decrement in the outlet pressure of the two other WTPs was assumed as a result of the flow-rate increase.…”

“…Pressure-driven analysis (PDA) was coupled to single species water quality modeling to optimize management strategies (e.g., flushing and isolation actions) by minimizing the mass of consumed contaminant [4][5][6]. A more detailed literature review on hydraulic and water quality modeling under sustained PDCs can be found elsewhere [7].…”