Combined Use of Alcohol and Energy Drinks Increases Participation in High-Risk Drinking and Driving Behaviors Among College Students

Woolsey, Conrad L.; Williams, Ronald D.; Housman, Jeff M.; Barry, Adam E.; Jacobson, Bert H.; Evans, Marion W.

doi:10.15288/jsad.2015.76.615

Cited by 28 publications

(45 citation statements)

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“…Expectations that some of the potential deterrents to alcohol use are ameliorated by mixing it with energy drinks may lead some young people to engage in riskier drinking when mixing alcohol with energy drinks. This is consistent with results from studies of college students which have consistently shown that AmED users engage in heavier drinking, experience more frequent drunkenness, and have more negative alcohol-related outcomes compared to those who consume alcohol without energy drinks (AwoED) (e.g., Brache and Stockwell, 2011; Mallett et al, 2015; Patrick and Maggs, 2014; Woolsey et al, 2010; Woolsey et al, 2015). …”

Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 88%

Alcohol mixed with energy drinks: Associations with risky drinking and functioning in high school

Tucker

Troxel

Ewing

et al. 2016

Drug and Alcohol Dependence

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Background Mixing alcohol with energy drinks is associated with heavier drinking and related problems among college students. However, little is known about how high school drinkers who mix alcohol with energy drinks (AmED) compare to those who do not (AwoED). This study compares high school AmED and AwoED users on their alcohol use during middle and high school, as well as key domains of functioning in high school. Methods Two surveys were conducted three years apart in adolescents initially recruited from 16 middle schools in Southern California. The analytic sample consists of 696 past month drinkers. Multivariable models compared AmED and AwoED users on alcohol use, mental health, social functioning, academic orientation, delinquency and other substance use at age 17, and on their alcohol use and related cognitions at age 14. Results AmED was reported by 13% of past month drinkers. AmED and AwoED users did not differ on alcohol use or cognitions in middle school, but AmED users drank more often, more heavily, and reported more negative consequences in high school. AmED users were also more likely to report poor grades, delinquent behavior, substance use-related unsafe driving, public intoxication, and drug use than AwoED users in high school. Group differences were not found on mental health, social functioning, or academic aspirations. Conclusions AmED use is common among high school drinkers. The higher risk behavioral profile of these young AmED users, which includes drug use and substance use-related unsafe driving, is a significant cause for concern and warrants further attention.

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Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 88%

Alcohol mixed with energy drinks: Associations with risky drinking and functioning in high school

Tucker

Troxel

Ewing

et al. 2016

Drug and Alcohol Dependence

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show abstract

“…Woolsey, Williams, et al () compared alcohol consumption in 281 AO consumers with 268 AMED consumers. The authors found that the AMED group reported significantly more past month drinking days, consumed significantly more alcohol on both typical and heaviest past year drinking occasions, and consumed alcohol for longer times during these occasions.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Combined, the 11 studies provided data on alcohol consumption on typical single drinking occasions of 6,061 AMED consumers and 14,496 AO consumers (Brache & Stockwell, ; De Haan et al, ; Eckschmidt et al, ; Johnson, Alford, Stewart, et al, ; Johnson, Alford, Verster, et al, ; Lubman et al, a; Lubman et al, b; O'Brien et al, ; Trapp et al, ; Woolsey et al, ; Woolsey, Jacobson, et al, ; Woolsey, Williams, et al, ).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Alcohol mixed with energy drink (AMED): A critical review and meta‐analysis

Verster

Benson

Johnson

et al. 2018

Human Psychopharmacology

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The purpose of this systematic review and meta‐analysis was to critically review the (1) prevalence of alcohol mixed with energy drink (AMED) consumption, (2) motives for AMED consumption, (3) correlates of AMED consumption, and (4) whether AMED consumption has an impact on (a) alcohol consumption, (b) subjective intoxication, and (c) risk‐taking behavior.Overall a minority of the population consumes AMED, typically infrequently. Motives for AMED consumption are predominantly hedonistic and social. Meta‐analyses revealed that AMED consumers drink significantly more alcohol than alcohol‐only (AO) consumers. Within‐subject comparisons restricted to AMED consumers revealed that alcohol consumption does not significantly differ between typical AMED and AO occasions. On past month heaviest drinking occasions, AMED users consume significantly less alcohol on AMED occasions when compared to AO occasions. AMED consumers experience significantly fewer negative consequences and risk‐taking behavior on AMED occasions compared with AO occasions. Meta‐analyses of subjective intoxication studies suggest that AMED consumption does not differentially affect subjective intoxication when compared to AO consumption. In conclusion, when compared to AO consumption, mixing alcohol with energy drink does not affect subjective intoxication and seems unlikely to increase total alcohol consumption, associated risk‐taking behavior, nor other negative alcohol‐related consequences. Further research may be necessary to fully reveal the effects of AMED.

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“…No differences were found between drinking days. Past research comparing CAB users and non-users found that users were more likely to drive home after drinking, be a passenger in a car with an intoxicated driver (Brache & Stockwell, 2011; Woolsey, Williams, Housman, Barry, Jacobson, & Evans, 2015), and engage in sexual risk-taking behaviors (Berger et al, 2013; O’Brien et al, 2008). A discrepancy may have occurred because the link between CAB use and these behaviors is a between-subject effect, rather than a within-subject effect.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A daily diary examination of caffeine mixed with alcohol among college students.

Linden-Carmichael¹,

Lau‐Barraco²

2017

Health Psychology

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Objective Caffeinated alcoholic beverage (CAB) use is associated with a range of substance-related problems. The majority of prior research on CABs is based on cross-sectional and retrospective reports, which do not account for intraindividual differences in use and may be subject to recall biases. The current research used a daily diary, within-subjects design to compare days where individuals simultaneously mixed alcohol with caffeine (“CAB days”) and days where individuals drank other types of alcohol (“non-CAB days”) on alcohol use outcomes. These relationships were tested further by examining the impact of the type of mixer (i.e., energy drink or cola-caffeinated). Methods Participants were 122 (73.8% women) heavy drinking, college student CAB users. Mean age was 20.39 (SD = 2.08) years. Students completed a baseline questionnaire and up to 14 consecutive, daily surveys about the previous night’s drinking behavior. Results Multilevel modeling results indicated that CAB days were associated with heavier alcohol use, regardless of mixer type. In addition, beyond amount of alcohol consumed the previous night and trait impulsivity, CAB days were linked with more alcohol-related problems, but only when the mixer was an energy drink. CAB days did not differ from non-CAB days on driving or sex after drinking. Conclusions This study was the first to demonstrate the unique risks posed by simultaneously consuming caffeine and alcohol in a within-subjects, daily diary design. Future research investigating use patterns may benefit from the use of fine-grained approaches in order to provide information relevant for CAB prevention and intervention efforts.

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Combined Use of Alcohol and Energy Drinks Increases Participation in High-Risk Drinking and Driving Behaviors Among College Students

Cited by 28 publications

References 0 publications

Alcohol mixed with energy drinks: Associations with risky drinking and functioning in high school

Alcohol mixed with energy drinks: Associations with risky drinking and functioning in high school

Alcohol mixed with energy drink (AMED): A critical review and meta‐analysis

A daily diary examination of caffeine mixed with alcohol among college students.

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