Combined treatment of non‐small cell lung cancer using radiotherapy and immunotherapy: challenges and updates

Shang, Shijie; Liu, Jie; Verma, Vivek; Wu, Meng; Welsh, James W.; J, Yu; Chen, Fan

doi:10.1002/cac2.12226

Cited by 46 publications

(25 citation statements)

References 84 publications

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“…This process is called immunogenic cell death ( 147 ). The recruitment and infiltration of cytotoxic T lymphocytes are also observed after the treatment of chemotherapy and radiotherapy ( 148 , 149 ). To elicit robust antitumor immunity, chemotherapy and radiation therapy can be combined with immunotherapy.…”

Section: Conclusion and Future Perspectivesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Novel Immune Checkpoints in Esophageal Cancer: From Biomarkers to Therapeutic Targets

et al. 2022

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Esophageal cancer ranks as the sixth most common cause of cancer death worldwide. Due to the limited efficacy of conventional therapeutic strategies, including surgery, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy, treatments are still far from satisfactory in terms of survival, prompting the search for novel treatment methods. Immune checkpoints play crucial roles in immune evasion mediated by tumor cells, and successful clinical outcomes have been achieved via blocking these pathways. However, only a small fraction of patients can benefit from current immune checkpoint inhibitors targeting programmed cell death ligand-1 (PD-L1) and cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein-4. Unfortunately, some patients show primary and/or acquired resistance to immune checkpoint inhibitors. Until now, novel immune checkpoint pathways have rarely been studied in esophageal cancer, and there is a great need for biomarkers to predict who will benefit from existing strategies. Herein, we primarily discuss the roles of new immune checkpoints as predictive biomarkers and therapeutic targets for esophageal cancer. In addition, we summarize the ongoing clinical trials and provide future research directions targeting these pathways.

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Section: Conclusion and Future Perspectivesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Novel Immune Checkpoints in Esophageal Cancer: From Biomarkers to Therapeutic Targets

et al. 2022

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“…In addition, the metastasis of cancer is the leading cause of treatment failure and cancer-related deaths. Therefore, a lot of newly developed treatment strategies, including targeted therapy, immunotherapy, gene therapy, and phototherapy, have been practically adopted in clinic or in clinical trials to treat cancer metastasis [1,2]. In particular, cancer immunotherapy, which can either instigate or elevate the host immune response to track and clear away cancer cells, has gained much attention.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Multifunctional inorganic nanomaterials for cancer photoimmunotherapy

Tang

Zhang

et al. 2022

Cancer Communications

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Phototherapy and immunotherapy in combination is regarded as the ideal therapeutic modality to treat both primary and metastatic tumors. Immunotherapy uses different immunological approaches to stimulate the immune system to identify tumor cells for targeted elimination. Phototherapy destroys the primary tumors by light irradiation, which induces a series of immune responses through triggering immunogenic cancer cell death. Therefore, when integrating immunotherapy with phototherapy, a novel anti-cancer strategy called photoimmunotherapy (PIT) is emerging. This synergistic treatment modality can not only enhance the effectiveness of both therapies but also overcome their inherent limitations, opening a new era for the current anti-cancer therapy. Recently, the advancement of nanomaterials affords a platform for PIT. From all these nanomaterials, inorganic nanomaterials stand out as ideal mediators in PIT due to their unique physiochemical properties. Inorganic nanomaterials can not only serve as carriers to transport immunomodulatory agents in immunotherapy owing to their excellent drug-loading capacity but also function as photothermal agents or photosensitizers in phototherapy because of their great optical characteristics. In this review, the recent advances of multifunctional inorganic nanomaterial-mediated drug delivery and their contributions to cancer PIT will be highlighted.

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“…Although great efforts to fight lung cancer have been made in recent decades, the 5-year survival rate for lung cancer patients is only 18% ( 2 ). The main reasons for the poor outcome of lung cancer are the lack of a highly specific and sensitive biomarker for early diagnosis of the disease and the absence of effective drugs for lung cancer therapy ( 3 – 5 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cancer/Testis Antigens as Biomarker and Target for the Diagnosis, Prognosis, and Therapy of Lung Cancer

et al. 2022

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Lung cancer is the leading type of malignant tumour among cancer-caused death worldwide, and the 5-year survival rate of lung cancer patients is only 18%. Various oncogenes are abnormally overexpressed in lung cancer, including cancer/testis antigens (CTAs), which are restrictively expressed in the male testis but are hardly expressed in other normal tissues, if at all. CTAs are aberrantly overexpressed in various types of cancer, with more than 60 CTAs abnormally overexpressed in lung cancer. Overexpression of oncogenic CTAs drives the initiation, metastasis and progression of lung cancer, and is closely associated with poor prognosis in cancer patients. Several CTAs, such as XAGE, SPAG9 and AKAP4, have been considered as biomarkers for the diagnosis and prognostic prediction of lung cancer. More interestingly, due to the high immunogenicity and specificity of CTAs in cancer, several CTAs, including CT45, BCAP31 and ACTL8, have been targeted for developing novel therapeutics against cancer. CTA-based vaccines, chimeric antigen receptor-modified T cells (CAR-T) and small molecules have been used in lung cancer treatment in pre-clinical and early clinical trials, with encouraging results being obtained. However, there are still many hurdles to be overcome before these therapeutics can be routinely used in clinical lung cancer therapy. This review summarises the recent rapid progress in oncogenic CTAs, focusing on CTAs as biomarkers for lung cancer diagnosis and prognostic prediction, and as targets for novel anti-cancer drug discovery and lung cancer therapy. We also identify challenges and opportunities in CTA-based cancer diagnosis and treatment. Finally, we provide perspectives on the mechanisms of oncogenic CTAs in lung cancer development, and we also suggest CTAs as a new platform for lung cancer diagnosis, prognostic prediction, and novel anti-cancer drug discovery.

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Combined treatment of non‐small cell lung cancer using radiotherapy and immunotherapy: challenges and updates

Cited by 46 publications

References 84 publications

Novel Immune Checkpoints in Esophageal Cancer: From Biomarkers to Therapeutic Targets

Novel Immune Checkpoints in Esophageal Cancer: From Biomarkers to Therapeutic Targets

Multifunctional inorganic nanomaterials for cancer photoimmunotherapy

Cancer/Testis Antigens as Biomarker and Target for the Diagnosis, Prognosis, and Therapy of Lung Cancer

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