Combined Theoretical and Experimental Study of Refractive Indices of Water–Acetonitrile–Salt Systems

Abstract

We propose a simple theoretical formula for describing the refractive indices in binary liquid mixtures containing salt ions. Our theory is based on the Clausius-Mossotti equation; it gives the refractive index of the mixture in terms of the refractive indices of the pure liquids and the polarizability of the ionic species, by properly accounting for the volume change upon mixing. The theoretical predictions are tested by extensive experimental measurements of the refractive indices for water-acetonitrile-salt systems for several liquid compositions, different salt species, and a range of salt concentrations. Excellent agreement is obtained in all cases, especially at low salt concentrations, with no fitting parameters. A simplified expression of the refractive index for low salt concentration is also given, which can be the theoretical basis for determination of salt concentration using refractive index measurements.

A new dinuclear copper (II) complex of 2,5–Furandicarboxyclic acid with 4(5)‐Methylimidazole as a high potential α‐glucosidase inhibitor: Synthesis, Crystal structure, Cytotoxicity study, and TD/DFT calculations

“…The positive regions represented by blue color are related to nucleophilic reactivity, these regions cover on N-H and C-H bonds belonging to 4(5) MeI ligands. 3.4 | The refractive index, second-and third-nonlinear optical parameters Nonlinear optics (NLO) materials have been reported by several research groups due to providing optical modulation, laser, fiber optical materials for the arising technologies in field of telecommunications and optical inter connections, etc.. [70][71][72][73][74] The NLO activity for the molecular systems, such as organic, transition metal complexes, etc. considers the effective of electronic communication between electron withdrawing and donating groups displaying a significant role in determination of the intramolecular charge transfer.…”

Accurate Determination of Ion Polarizabilities in Aqueous Solutions

“…In our recent paper, 28 we derived a linear relationship between the refractive index and the salt concentration of an electrolyte at low concentrations in water-acetonitrile-salt systems.…”

“…Therefore, in our previous work, 28 we neglected the nonlinear dependence of mixture volume on salt concentration and modeled the volume of the salt-water mixture using the following simpler relationship…”

“…28 One of the key results in that work is the prediction of the slope of the refractive index with respect to salt concentration at low concentrations, in terms of the polarizability of the ionic species and the infinite dilution value of the partial molar volume of the salt, which is determined by ex- The rest of this paper is organized as follows. In Section II, we present the key results from our previous work, 28 in particular, the working formula for relating the salt polarizability to the limiting slope of the refractive index with respect to salt concentration.…”

Estratégias de tratamento de resí­duos quí­micos gerados na FCF/USP

“…AN et al, 2015). Durante as análises de IR das frações coletadas de cada destilação decidiu-se realizá-las em triplicata, devido à preocupação com a variação de temperatura em cada leitura.Para cada análise de IR realizada o equipamento utilizado disponibilizava os valores de temperatura e de BRIX (escala numérica para índice de refração).…”