Combined Sulfur and Peroxide Vulcanization of Filled and Unfilled EPDM-Based Rubber Compounds

Kruželák, Ján; Mikolajová, Mária; Kvasničáková, Andrea; Džuganová, Michaela; Chodák, Ivan; Hronkovič, Ján; Preťo, Jozef; Hudeč, Ivan

doi:10.3390/ma16165596

Cited by 3 publications

(1 citation statement)

References 42 publications

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“…The elastic modulus (M 100% ), the maximum strength ( σ max ), and the shore A hardness values, reported in Table 2, highlight the high stiffness and tensile resistance 38,39 of all compounds, especially in the formulation containing both fillers ( M 100 = 15.7 MPa). Although CSS and GTR have micrometric dimensions they show some interaction with the macromolecule of the rubber.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 98%

Ground tire rubber and coffee silverskin as sustainable fillers in EPDM compounds for rubber‐to‐steel bonded systems in roofing applications

Bragaglia,

Paleari,

Nanni

2024

Polymer Composites

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In this paper two waste fillers, namely ground tire rubber (GTR) and coffee silverskin (CSS, a waste bio‐product from the coffee‐making process), have been used to produce sustainable ethylene‐propylene‐diene monomer (EPDM) rubber compounds vulcanized on steel sheets to fabricate rubber‐to‐steel bonded systems for industrial roofing applications. The compounds have shown good mechanical performances, with elastic moduli in the range of 13–16 MPa, tensile strength of 13–20 MPa and elongation at break >400%, and strong adhesion to the metal substrate. Moreover, the rubber‐to‐steel bonded systems present good sound insulation properties (mean sound transmission loss [STL] of 39 dB and noise level reduction in simulated hailstones impact tests of 62 dB with respect to bare steel 73 dB). Accelerated UV‐ and thermal‐aging tests have shown excellent adhesion of the compounds to the metal substrate with the CSS acting as an antioxidant agent preventing excessive polymer degradation. The selected waste‐derived materials result in promising fillers for more sustainable rubber compounds.Highlights Waste fillers were used to produce sustainable rubber compounds. Rubber‐to‐steel bonded systems for roofing applications were produced. Rubber‐to‐steel bonded systems have good sound insulation properties. Rubber‐to‐steel bonded systems have excellent adhesion. Coffee silverskin filler acts as an antioxidant agent.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 98%

Ground tire rubber and coffee silverskin as sustainable fillers in EPDM compounds for rubber‐to‐steel bonded systems in roofing applications

Bragaglia,

Paleari,

Nanni

2024

Polymer Composites

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Modification of hydrogenated nitrile rubber with N,N′‐bismaleimide‐4,4′‐diphenylmethane to improve its resistance to heat aging and reduce its compression set

Yao,

Tao,

Wang

et al. 2024

J of Applied Polymer Sci

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This paper delves to improve the upper‐limit temperature of hydrogenated nitrile rubber (HNBR) through regulation of the vulcanization process, filler system and cross‐linking additive. The tensile test and scanning electron microscope images showed that the aging at 180°C significantly accelerated the deterioration in the property of HNBR compared with 150°C aging. The results showed that a higher dosage of bis(1‐(tert‐butylperoxy)‐1‐methylethyl)‐benzene curing agent reduced the compression set of HNBR without sacrificing its tensile strength. Carbon black N539‐filled HNBR exhibited high tensile strength, while carbon black N774‐filled HNBR showed high heat resistance and low compression set. When the HNBR sample was reinforced with 20 phr of N539 and 20 phr of N774 carbon black, it achieved low compression set, high tensile strength, and heat resistance simultaneously. Then, N,N′‐bismaleimide‐4,4′‐diphenylmethane (BMI) was introduced into the HNBR composite as a cross‐linking assistant agent. The residual strength of BMI‐modified HNBR was 20.3 MPa (the retention rate of 92.3%), and its compression set was as low as 19.2% after aging at 180°C for 72 h. Even after aging the composite at 180°C for 168 h, its strength retention rate remained at 83.2% (18.3 MPa). The approach provided here increased the upper‐limit temperature range of HNBR to 180°C.

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Sulfur and peroxide curing of NBR based rubber compounds filled with kraft lignin and calcium lignosulfonate

Kruželák,

Džuganová,

Hložeková

et al. 2024

J of Applied Polymer Sci

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Rubber compounds based on acrylonitrile‐butadiene rubber were filled with biopolymer fillers, namely kraft lignin, and calcium lignosulfonate. For cross‐linking of rubber compounds, sulfur curing system, dicumyl peroxide, and combination of dicumyl peroxide with trimethylolpropane trimethacrylate were used. The main objective of the work was to investigate the influence of biopolymer fillers content and curing system composition on vulcanization process of rubber compounds, cross‐link density, morphology, and physical‐mechanical properties of vulcanizates. The results revealed that rubber compounds filled with calcium lignosulfonate can be efficiently cured with sulfur as well as peroxide curing systems. Modulus, hardness, and elongation at break were strongly dependent on cross‐link density. Vulcanizates filled with high content of lignosulfonate exhibited comparable values of tensile strength, regardless of the curing system applied. The application of kraft lignin into peroxide systems cured rubber compounds resulted in undesirable reactions between functional groups of the biopolymer and peroxide radicals. Depletion of peroxide radicals resulted in significant deceleration of curing process and decrease in cross‐link density of vulcanizates. This was reflected in typical change of physical‐mechanical characteristics, decrease in modulus and hardness, and increase in elongation at break. Very good adhesion and compatibility between the kraft lignin and the rubber matrix resulted in enhancement of tensile behavior of vulcanizates cured with sulfur system.

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Combined Sulfur and Peroxide Vulcanization of Filled and Unfilled EPDM-Based Rubber Compounds

Cited by 3 publications

References 42 publications

Ground tire rubber and coffee silverskin as sustainable fillers in EPDM compounds for rubber‐to‐steel bonded systems in roofing applications

Ground tire rubber and coffee silverskin as sustainable fillers in EPDM compounds for rubber‐to‐steel bonded systems in roofing applications

Modification of hydrogenated nitrile rubber with N,N′‐bismaleimide‐4,4′‐diphenylmethane to improve its resistance to heat aging and reduce its compression set

Sulfur and peroxide curing of NBR based rubber compounds filled with kraft lignin and calcium lignosulfonate

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