Combined sewer overflows: a source of cryptosporidium and giardia?

Biological indicators, particularly benthic macroinvertebrates, are widely used and effective measures of the impact of urbanization on stream ecosystems. A multimetric biological index of urbanization was developed using a large benthic macroinvertebrate dataset (n = 1,835) from the Baltimore, Maryland, metropolitan area and then validated with datasets from Cleveland, Ohio (n = 79); San Jose, California (n = 85); and a different subset of the Baltimore data (n = 85). The biological metrics used to develop the multimetric index were selected using several criteria and were required to represent ecological attributes of macroinvertebrate assemblages including taxonomic composition and richness (number of taxa in the insect orders of Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera, and Trichoptera), functional feeding group (number of taxa designated as filterers), and habit (percent of individuals which cling to the substrate). Quantile regression was used to select metrics and characterize the relationship between the final biological index and an urban gradient (composed of population density, road density, and urban land use). Although more complex biological indices exist, this simplified multimetric index showed a consistent relationship between biological indicators and urban conditions (as measured by quantile regression) in three climatic regions of the United States and can serve as an assessment tool for environmental managers to prioritize urban stream sites for restoration and protection.

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“…, 2000; Meyer et al. , 2005), microbes (Porcella and Sorensen, 1980; Gibson et al. , 1998), algae (Chessman et al.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessment Tools for Urban Catchments: Developing Biological Indicators Based on Benthic Macroinvertebrates¹

Purcell

Bressler

Paul

et al. 2009

J American Water Resour Assoc

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“…oocysts were 0.05 to 1.05 oocysts/L during dry weather conditions and were present in virtually all sites examined. During wet weather conditions the numbers of parasites dramatically increased to 2.5 to 400 oocysts/L (Gibson et al 1998). Using a nested-PCR-RFLP protocol against the small subunit of the ribosomal rRNA gene (SSU rRNA), Xiao et al (2000) were able to identify Cryptosporidium spp.…”

Section: Environmental Prevalence Of Cryptoporidium Sppmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Gibson et al (1998) examined water discharges from sewer outfalls during dry and wet weather conditions. Numbers of Cryptosporidium spp.…”

Section: Environmental Prevalence Of Cryptoporidium Sppmentioning

confidence: 99%

Waterborne disease: an old foe re-emerging?

Neumann¹,

Smith²,

Belosevic³

2005

Journal of Environmental Engineering and Science

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In developed countries, clean and safe drinking water is taken for granted, and water treatment processes used to mass-produce drinking water have been hailed as one of the top five engineering achievements of the 20th century. However, in the last decade, several waterborne disease outbreaks have made us painfully aware of the personal, economical, societal, and public health costs associated with the impact of waterborne disease. There is evidence to suggest that the prevalence of waterborne disease may be dramatically underestimated in developed countries and that routine endemic exposure to waterborne pathogens may occur more frequently than originally perceived. A variety of demographical, societal, environmental, and physiological emergence factors likely play critical roles in enhancing the frequency of transmission of pathogens to hosts. This review focuses on the scope and impact of waterborne disease in developed countries and identifies issues surrounding the potential for rapid global emergence or re-emergence of waterborne disease. We examine relevant literature on Cryptosporidium parvum and Escherichia coli O157 as model organisms of study that support these concepts.Résumé : Dans les pays développés, l'eau potable propre et sécuritaire est prise pour acquis et les procédés de traitement de l'eau utilisés pour produire l'eau potable en grande quantité sont considérés comme étant l'une des cinq plus grandes réalisations d'ingénierie du XX e siècle. Cependant, au cours de la dernière décennie, plusieurs poussées épidémiques de maladies d'origine hydrique nous ont ramené douloureusement à la réalité des coûts personnels, économiques, sociaux et de santé publique associés à l'impact des maladies d'origine hydrique. Selon certains évidences, la prévalence de maladies d'origine hydrique peut être énormément sous-estimée dans les pays développés et (que) l'exposition endémique courante aux pathogènes d'origine hydrique peut survenir plus fréquemment que prévu initialement. Divers facteurs d'émergence démographiques, sociaux, environnementaux et physiologiques jouent un rôle important dans l'accroissement de la fréquence de la transmission de pathogènes aux hôtes. La présente revue examine la portée et l'impact des maladies d'origine hydrique dans les pays développés et identifie les questions entourant le potentiel d'émergence ou de réémergence mondiale rapide des maladies d'origine hydrique. Nous examinons la littérature pertinente sur le Cryptosporidium parvum et Escherichia coli O157 comme organismes modèles de l'étude qui soutient ces concepts.

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“…Finally, community factors include watershed management (i.e. the presence of combined sewer over£ows, leading to raw sewage discharges with levels as high a 1.3U10 4 oocysts/100 l) and type of water treatment (¢ltration and disinfection) [4,25].…”

Section: Common Global Factors In£uencing the Spread Of Waterborne Crmentioning

confidence: 99%

Risk and control of waterborne cryptosporidiosis

Rose

2002

FEMS Microbiology Reviews

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Cryptosporidium remains at the forefront of studies on waterborne disease transmission and abatement. The impact of environmental land use patterns which contribute animal and human waste, climatic precipitation leading to a strong association with outbreaks, and community infrastructure and water treatment are now recognized as contributing factors in the potential for waterborne spread of the protozoan. Advances in detection methodologies, including the ability to genotype various strains of this organism, have shown that human wastes are often the source of the contamination and cell culture techniques have allowed insight into the viability of the oocyst populations. Currently water treatment has focused on UV and ozone disinfection as most promising for the inactivation of this protozoan pathogen.

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Combined sewer overflows: a source of cryptosporidium and giardia?

Cited by 27 publications

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Assessment Tools for Urban Catchments: Developing Biological Indicators Based on Benthic Macroinvertebrates¹

Assessment Tools for Urban Catchments: Developing Biological Indicators Based on Benthic Macroinvertebrates¹

Waterborne disease: an old foe re-emerging?

Risk and control of waterborne cryptosporidiosis

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Combined sewer overflows: a source of cryptosporidium and giardia?

Cited by 27 publications

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Assessment Tools for Urban Catchments: Developing Biological Indicators Based on Benthic Macroinvertebrates1

Assessment Tools for Urban Catchments: Developing Biological Indicators Based on Benthic Macroinvertebrates1

Waterborne disease: an old foe re-emerging?

Risk and control of waterborne cryptosporidiosis

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Product

Resources

About

Assessment Tools for Urban Catchments: Developing Biological Indicators Based on Benthic Macroinvertebrates¹

Assessment Tools for Urban Catchments: Developing Biological Indicators Based on Benthic Macroinvertebrates¹