Combined scanning electrochemical and fluorescence microscopies using a tetrazine as a single redox and luminescent (electrofluorochromic) probe

Abstract

Combined fluorescence and electrochemical microscopies using a single redox and fluorescent probe.

Highly Reversible Electrofluorochromism from Electrochemically Decoupled but Electronically Coupled Molecular Dyads

“…Luminescent switches and displays were created with electrofluorochromic compounds . Redox‐active fluorescent molecules have served as probes for elucidating the catalytic processes in biomimetic reactions and charge carrier traps in organic electronic devices . Recently, electrofluorochromism at the single‐molecule level was achieved based on inelastic tunneling of electrons between a scanning transmission electron microscope (STEM) tip and a gold electrode .…”

“…[2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20] Redox-active fluorescent molecules have served as probes for elucidating the catalytic processes in biomimetic reactions and charge carrier traps in organic electronic devices. [21][22][23][24][25] Recently, electrofluorochromism at the single-molecule level was achieved based on inelastic tunneling of electrons between a scanning transmission electron microscope (STEM) tip and a gold electrode. [26] Nondestructive fluorescence memory may also be created using electrofluorochromism because electrochemical inputs are orthogonal to fluorescence processes, thereby enabling reversible write-read-erase memory cycles.…”

“…Molecules exhibiting redox-active fluorescence changes are advantageous for their efficiency and tunability ( Figure 1b); however, not all fluorophores display electrofluorochromism. [20][21][22][23][24][25][26]28,32,[44][45][46][47][48][49][50][51][52][53][54][55][56][57][58][59][60][61][62] The limited observance of electrofluorochromism originates from the irreversibility of the process; redox-responsive fluorophores usually undergo side reactions that involve destructive chemical step(s) following an electrochemical activation process. [29] To achieve fatigue-resistant electrofluorochromism, redoxstable fluorophores must be created.…”

Scanning electrochemical microscopy and its potential for studying biofilms and antimicrobial coatings

“…Electrochemical fluorophores, such as resazurin and tetrazines, used as respiration indicators to study bacteria and biofilm behaviour [130], have been tested as redox mediators. Guerret-Legras et al [131,132] showed that the fluorescence intensity of these molecules is a function of the potential of the SECM probe, independent of the substrate potential with the tip-substrate distance controlling the fluorescence amplitude. Hence, electrochemically induced processes in biological and microbial samples could be investigated with high spatial resolution.…”

Simultaneous co-localized super-resolution fluorescence microscopy and atomic force microscopy: combined SIM and AFM platform for the life sciences

“…The atomic force microscope has been successfully integrated with different optical microscopy techniques [9][10][11] , allowing to overcome some of its individual limitations when it comes to, for instance, sample penetration and biological specificity. In this regard, AFM has been combined with Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy (CLSM) [12][13][14] , Aperture Correlation Microscopy 8 , Total Internal Reflection Fluorescence Microscopy (TIRFM) [15][16][17][18][19][20][21] , and Fluorescence Lifetime Imaging (FLIM) 22,23 .…”