Combined prevalence of impaired glucose level or diabetes and its correlates in Lusaka urban district, Zambia: a population based survey

Abstract

BackgroundDeveloping countries are undergoing an epidemiological transition, from Communicable or Infectious to 'Non-Communicable' diseases (NCDs), such that cardiovascular disease, chronic respiratory diseases, cancer, and diabetes were responsible for 60% of all deaths globally in 2005, with more than 75% of these deaths occurring in developing countries. A survey was conducted to determine among other objectives the prevalence of diabetes and its association with physical fitness and biological factors.MethodsA cross sectional study utilizing a modified World Health Organization's STEPwise approach to surveillance of NCDs was conducted in Lusaka district, Zambia. A multi-stage cluster sampling technique was used to select study participants of age 25 years or older. All eligible members of a household that was selected were invited to participate in the study. Unadjusted odds ratios (OR), and adjusted odds ratios (AOR) together with their 95% Confidence Intervals (CI) were obtained using Complex samples logistic regressionResultsA total of 1928 individuals participated in the survey, of which 33.0% were males. About half of the participants were of age 25-34 years (53.2%), and about a third of the respondents had attained secondary level of education (35.8%). The combined prevalence for impaired glucose level or diabetes was 4.0%. Age and mild hypertension were significantly associated with impaired levels of glucose or diabetes. Compared to participants in the age group 25-34 years, older participants were more likely to have impaired glucose level or diabetes (AOR = 2.49 (95%CI [1.35, 2.92]) for 35-44 years age group, and AOR = 3.80 (95%CI [2.00, 7.23]) for 45 + years age group). Mild hypertension was associated with impaired glucose level or diabetes (AOR = 2.57) (95%CI [1.44, 4.57])).ConclusionsThe prevalence of diabetes in Lusaka district has not reached an alarming level and it is now that interventions targeting the younger age group 25-34 years should be put in place to curtail the spread of diabetes.

Epidemiology of prediabetes and diabetes in Namibia, Africa: A multilevel analysis

“…The positive associations we found between these two factors and diabetes have also been observed previously in South Africa, 36 Nigeria, 37 and Zambia. 38 Our findings of an increased odds of diabetes among individuals with the highest family wealth aligns with the epidemiological transition theory, which postulates that the burden of new diseases related to lifestyle would be first concentrated among the wealthy, before shifting to those of a lower SEP. Similar findings have been noted recently in previous studies conducted in some SSA countries.…”

Risk factors for impaired fasting glucose or diabetes among HIV infected patients on ART in the Copperbelt Province of Zambia

“…We used the prevalence of impaired fasting glucose in the general population in Zambia estimated at 4.1% in order to estimate a well powered sample size estimation [5]. Further, we expect the burden to be higher in HIV/AIDS subpopulation because of high exposures to predisposing factors [8], for this study we calculated the sample size based on the assumption of 30% prevalence in HIV/AIDS sub-population.…”

“…In Zambia, the prevalence of impaired fasting glucose (IFG) or diabetes in the general population is estimated at 4.1% [4, 5] but we do not know the burden in the Human Immunodeficiency Virus/Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (HIV/AIDS) subpopulation.…”

Differences by sex in the prevalence of diabetes mellitus, impaired fasting glycaemia and impaired glucose tolerance in sub-Saharan Africa: a systematic review and meta-analysis

“…The other studies were conducted exclusively in urban (26%), rural (23%) or periurban (6%) areas. In terms of quality, the studies were categorized as either "positive" (n = 31) or "neutral" (n = 5) 42,49,58,61,63 (Appendix A, available at: http://www. med.nagoya-u.ac.jp/intnl-h/swfu/d/ auto-UZzMJC.pdf).…”