Combined Modification of Fiber Materials by Enzymes and Metal Nanoparticles for Chemical and Biological Protection

Abstract

To obtain fiber materials with pronounced chemical-biological protection, metal (Zn or Ta) nanoparticles were jointly applied with polyelectrolyte complexes of enzymes and polypeptides being their stabilizers. Computer modeling revealed the preferences between certain polyelectrolyte partners for N-acyl-homoserine lactone acylase and hexahistidine-tagged organophosphorus hydrolase (His6-OPH) possessing the quorum quenching (QQ) behavior with bacterial cells. The combinations of metal nanoparticles and enzymes appeared to function better as compared to the combinations of the same QQ-enzymes with antibiotics (polymyxins), making it possible to decrease the applied quantities by orders of magnitude while giving the same effect. The elimination of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial cells from doubly modified fiber materials notably increased (up to 2.9-fold), whereas His6-OPH retained its hydrolytic activity in reaction with organophosphorus compounds (up to 74% of initially applied activity). Materials with the certain enzyme and Zn nanoparticles were more efficient against Bacillus subtilis cells (up to 2.1-fold), and Ta nanoparticles acted preferentially against Escherichia coli (up to 1.5-fold). Some materials were proved to be more suitable for combined modification by metal nanoparticles and His6-OPH complexes as antimicrobial protectants.

Carrier Variety Used in Immobilization of His6-OPH Extends Its Application Areas

“…Since the presence of antimicrobial agents can have a negative effect on the manifestation of enzyme activity, a significant role is currently assigned to computer methods of molecular modeling [ 4 , 6 , 46 , 60 , 61 , 62 , 63 ], including the search for the most successful partners to create effective antimicrobial combinations based on His 6 -tagged OPH [ 64 , 65 , 66 , 67 ]. At the same time, on the basis of the data obtained, as a rule, several important parameters can be estimated: the localization of molecules stabilizing the dimer of the enzyme on its surface, the possible overlap of the active cents of the enzyme, and the affinity of the interaction between the molecules of the “partners” [ 64 , 65 , 66 , 67 , 68 , 69 , 70 , 71 ].…”

“…As it was found, various polyelectrolytes can act as such enzyme-stabilizing molecules ( Table 2 ); these molecules themselves do not possess antimicrobial properties, but they can be used in antimicrobial preparations [ 64 , 65 , 68 ]. However, the most interesting options are those when the molecules involved in the stabilization of the enzyme themselves have antimicrobial action [ 19 , 65 , 66 , 67 , 68 , 70 ]. These compounds include various so-called antimicrobial polypeptides (AMPs), which are usually of natural origin and can be synthesized by different living organisms.…”

“…Extremely interesting results were obtained when the stabilized forms of the enzyme, in the form of EPCs, were introduced into the compositions of various fibrous materials formed, including biodegradable (polylactide, polyhydroxybutyrate, poly-ε-caprolactone) and synthetic (viscose and polyester) polymers [ 70 , 71 ]. Moreover, antibiotics of last-resort (polymyxins) [ 72 ] and metal nanoparticles (NPs)(Zn and Ta) were used as antimicrobial agents in such composites for comparison regarding the effectiveness of action.…”

“…The absorption immobilization of His 6 -OPH in the form of EPCs with PLE 50 , individually as well as in combination with thermolysin/PLE 50 , was made using various fiber materials [ 20 ], which were previously applied in the development of composite samples for chemical-biological protection [ 70 ]. Further, fiber material samples were contaminated separately with different mycotoxins (zearalenone, sterigmatocystin, and ochratoxin A), and the effectiveness of the detoxification removal of mycotoxins under the action of immobilized enzymes was investigated.…”

“…under different conditions (mixing and its absence [ 25 , 32 , 44 , 45 ], flow reactor [ 23 , 82 ]) at different temperatures and pH values [ 44 ]. Since the immobilization/stabilization itself, as it was found [ 21 , 26 , 46 , 70 , 80 ], can cause conformational changes in the active center of His 6 -OPH, affecting the substrate specificity (narrowing or expanding it, giving preference to substrates with a certain chemical structure, in particular, a larger or smaller size of the outgoing group during hydrolysis substrate), then the information in Table 1 and Table 2 as presented may be of interest to obtain a general idea of the scope of research and the results obtained by different methods, but not to compare them with each other. They are too different.…”