Combined ingestion of protein and free leucine with carbohydrate increases postexercise muscle protein synthesis in vivo in male subjects

Koopman, René; Wagenmakers, Anton J. M.; Manders, Ralph; Zorenc, Antoine H. G.; Senden, Joan M.; Gorselink, M.; Keizer, H. A.; Loon, Luc J. C. van

doi:10.1152/ajpendo.00413.2004

Cited by 246 publications

(224 citation statements)

References 49 publications

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“…In fact, protein synthesis rates were additive for the carbohydrate and amino acids supplement compared with the carbohydrate-only and amino acids-only supplements. Levenhagen et al (20) and Koopman et al (15) observed similar results. Following a 60-minute bout of cycling exercise, Levenhagen et al (20) provided subjects with placebo, a CHO supplement, or a CHO-PRO supplement.…”

Section: File # 84tqmentioning

confidence: 53%

“…Leg protein synthesis rates following CHO-PRO supplementation improved 600% compared with placebo and 400% compared with CHO-only supplementation. Koopman et al (15) were able to demonstrate a significantly reduced whole body protein breakdown and a significantly increased whole body protein synthesis by feeding subjects a CHO-PRO or CHO-PRO-leucine supplement in comparison to providing a CHO-only supplement following a resistance exercise bout. Furthermore, van Loon et al (34) found a significant negative correlation between the insulin response and plasma levels of select amino acids after subjects cycled for ϳ90 minutes of interval-based activity and were fed CHO-only or CHO-PRO supplements postexercise.…”

Section: File # 84tqmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Effect of a Carbohydrate and Protein Supplement on Resistance Exercise Performance, Hormonal Response, and Muscle Damage

BATY

Hwang²,

Ding³

et al. 2007

J Strength Cond Res

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Ivy. The effect of a carbohydrate and protein supplement on resistance exercise performance, hormonal response, and muscle damage. J. Strength Cond. Res. 21(2): 321-329. 2007.-The purpose of this study was to determine whether resistance exercise performance and postexercise muscle damage were altered when consuming a carbohydrate and protein beverage (CHO-PRO; 6.2% and 1.5% concentrations). Thirty-four male subjects (age: 21.5 Ϯ 1.7 years; height: 177.3 Ϯ 1.1 cm; weight: 77.2 Ϯ 2.2 kg) completed 3 sets of 8 repetitions at their 8 repetition maximum to volitional fatigue. The exercise order consisted of the high pull, leg curl, standing overhead press, leg extension, lat pull-down, leg press, and bench press. In a double-blind, posttest-only control group design, subjects consumed 355 ml of either CHO-PRO or placebo (electrolyte and artificial sweetener beverage) 30 minutes prior to exercise, 177 ml immediately prior to exercise, 177 ml halfway through the exercise bout, and 355 ml immediately following the exercise bout. There were no significant differences between groups relative to exercise performance. Cortisol was significantly elevated in the placebo group compared to the CHO-PRO group at 24 hours postexercise. Insulin was significantly elevated immediately pre-exercise, after the fourth lift, immediately postexercise, 1 hour, and 6 hours postexercise in CHO-PRO compared to the placebo group. Myoglobin levels in the placebo group approached significance halfway through the exercise bout and at 1 hour postexercise (p ϭ 0.06 and 0.07, respectively) and were significantly elevated at 6 hours postexercise compared to the CHO-PRO group. Creatine kinase levels were significantly elevated in the placebo group at 24 hours postexercise compared to the CHO-PRO group. The CHO-PRO supplement did not improve performance during a resistance exercise bout, but appeared to reduce muscle damage, as evidenced by the responses of both myoglobin and creatine kinase. These results suggest the use of a CHO-PRO supplement during resistance training to reduce muscle damage and soreness.

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Section: File # 84tqmentioning

confidence: 53%

Section: File # 84tqmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Effect of a Carbohydrate and Protein Supplement on Resistance Exercise Performance, Hormonal Response, and Muscle Damage

BATY

Hwang²,

Ding³

et al. 2007

J Strength Cond Res

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“…These data are supported by the observation that leucine increased protein synthesis in pregnant tumour-bearing rats, possibly resulting from changes in the ubiquitin -proteasome system (Ventrucci et al, 2004). In humans, leucine supplementation resulted in an improved muscle protein synthesis in young (Koopman et al, 2005) and elderly volunteers (Katsanos et al, 2006;Koopman et al, 2006;Rieu et al, 2006). There are two clinical trials in cancer patients that studied oral BCAA supplementation after surgical removal of the tumour.…”

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confidence: 85%

Dietary supplementation with a specific combination of high protein, leucine, and fish oil improves muscle function and daily activity in tumour-bearing cachectic mice

et al. 2009

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Cancer cachexia is characterised by metabolic alterations leading to loss of adipose tissue and lean body mass and directly compromises physical performance and the quality of life of cancer patients. In a murine cancer cachectic model, the effects of dietary supplementation with a specific combination of high protein, leucine and fish oil on weight loss, muscle function and physical activity were investigated. Male CD2F1 mice, 6 -7 weeks old, were divided into body weight-matched groups: (1) control, (2) tumourbearing, and (3) tumour-bearing receiving experimental diets. Tumours were induced by s.c. inoculation with murine colon adenocarcinoma (C26) cells. Food intake, body mass, tumour size and 24 h-activity were monitored. Then, 20 days after tumour/ vehicle inoculation, the animals were killed and muscle function was tested ex vivo. Tumour-bearing mice showed reduced carcass, muscle and fat mass compared with controls. EDL muscle performance and total daily activity were impaired in the tumour-bearing mice. Addition of single nutrients resulted in no or modest effects. However, supplementation of the diet with the all-in combination of high protein, leucine and fish oil significantly reduced loss of carcass, muscle and fat mass (loss in mass 45, 52 and 65% of TB-con, respectively (Po0.02)) and improved muscle performance (loss of max force reduced to 55 -64% of TB-con (Po0.05)). Moreover, total daily activity normalised after intervention with the specific nutritional combination (50% of the reduction in activity of TB-con (Po0.05)). In conclusion, a nutritional combination of high protein, leucine and fish oil reduced cachectic symptoms and improved functional performance in cancer cachectic mice. Comparison of the nutritional combination with its individual modules revealed additive effects of the single components provided.

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“…Esse fato é relevante, uma vez que a ingestão de leucina aumenta a fosforilação de proteínas envolvidas na regulação da síntese protéica muscular, incluindo a p70 S6k (Figura 3) Kimball, Jefferson, 2006a;Norton, Layman, 2006;Anthony et al, 2000). Koopman et al (2005) verificaram que a adição de leucina em bebida contendo hidrolisado protéico e carboidratos promoveu maior estimulação da síntese protéica corporal total após a realização de uma sessão de exercício de força quando comparada à ingestão de carboidrato ou de carboidrato com hidrolisado protéico. Além disso, a ingestão combinada de carboidrato, hidrolisado protéico e leucina aumentou a síntese protéica muscular em relação à ingestão isolada de carboidrato.…”

Section: Exercício De Força Balanço Protéico Muscular E Aminoácidosunclassified

Aspectos atuais sobre aminoácidos de cadeia ramificada e exercício físico

Rogero¹,

Tirapegui²

2008

Rev. Bras. Cienc. Farm.

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INTRODUÇÃOAminoácidos são as unidades básicas da composição de uma proteína. Em humanos saudáveis, nove aminoácidos são considerados essenciais, uma vez que não podem ser sintetizados endogenamente e, portanto, devem ser ingeridos por meio da dieta. Dentre os aminoácidos essenciais, se incluem os três aminoácidos de cadeia ramificada (ACR), ou seja, leucina, valina e isoleucina, que apresentam, respectivamente, concentração plasmática média de 120, 220 e 63 µmol/L; concentração intramuscular na forma livre mé-dia de 133, 253 e 68 µmol/L de água intracelular; e concentração na proteína muscular humana de 59,5, 43,5 e 41,9 mmol/100 g de proteína. A concentração de ACR também difere em relação ao tipo de fibra muscular, sendo 20-30% maior em fibras de contração lenta em comparação àquelas de contração rápida. Os ACR correspondem a cerca de 35% dos aminoácidos essenciais em proteínas musculares e, uma vez que a massa muscular de humanos é de cerca de 40-45% da massa corporal total, verifica-se que grande quantidade de ACR está presente em proteínas musculares (Marchini et al., 1998;Wagenmakers, 1998).Em indivíduos adultos, ACR são relevantes para a manutenção da proteína corporal além de serem fonte de nitrogênio para a síntese de alanina e glutamina. Existem evidências demonstrando o papel fundamental dos ACRespecialmente a leucina -na regulação de processos anabólicos envolvendo tanto a síntese quanto a degradação M.M. Rogero, J. Tirapegui 564 protéica muscular. Além disso, ACR apresentam potenciais efeitos terapêuticos, uma vez que esses aminoácidos podem atenuar a perda de massa magra durante a redução de massa corporal; favorecer o processo de cicatrização; melhorar o balanço protéico muscular em indivíduos idosos; e propiciar efeitos benéficos no tratamento de patologias hepáticas e renais (Shimomura et al., 2006a;Tom, Nair, 2006).No que concerne a nutrição esportiva, os ACR são extensivamente utilizados por atletas baseado na premissa de que esses aminoácidos podem promover anabolismo protéico muscular, atuar em relação à fadiga central, favorecer a secreção de insulina, melhorar a imunocompetência, diminuir o grau de lesão muscular induzido pelo exercício físico e aumentar a performance de indivíduos que se exercitam em ambientes quentes. METABOLISMO DOS AMINOÁCIDOS DE CADEIA RAMIFICADANo tocante ao metabolismo dos ACR, inicialmente cabe ressaltar as vias bioquímicas envolvidas no catabolismo desses aminoácidos. Diferentemente de outros aminoácidos, que são oxidados primariamente no tecido hepático, o sistema enzimático mais ativo para a oxidação dos ACR está localizado no músculo esquelético. Apesar do fígado não poder diretamente catabolizar os ACR, o mesmo apresenta um sistema muito ativo para a degradação dos cetoácidos de cadeia ramificada oriundos dos correspondentes ACR. Essa distribuição tecidual específica do catabolismo dos ACR decorre da distribuição única das duas primeiras enzimas envolvidas no catabolismo dos ACR, ou seja, aminotransferase de aminoácidos de cadeia ramificada (ATACR) -que catali...

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Combined ingestion of protein and free leucine with carbohydrate increases postexercise muscle protein synthesis in vivo in male subjects

Cited by 246 publications

References 49 publications

The Effect of a Carbohydrate and Protein Supplement on Resistance Exercise Performance, Hormonal Response, and Muscle Damage

The Effect of a Carbohydrate and Protein Supplement on Resistance Exercise Performance, Hormonal Response, and Muscle Damage

Dietary supplementation with a specific combination of high protein, leucine, and fish oil improves muscle function and daily activity in tumour-bearing cachectic mice

Aspectos atuais sobre aminoácidos de cadeia ramificada e exercício físico

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