Combined In-Pixel Linear and Single-Photon Avalanche Diode Operation With Integrated Biasing for Wide-Dynamic-Range Optical Sensing

Ouh, Hyunkyu; Shen, Boyu; Johnston, Matthew L.

doi:10.1109/jssc.2019.2944856

Cited by 23 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 39 publications

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“…3. Considering that the transmittance of the VOA is limited up to 1, the optimal ξ which minimizes the BER, denoted as ξ * , can hence be written as (19).…”

Section: B Performance Of the Spad Arraymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…When the received signal and background power experience significant change due to the scintillation and/or weather change, the controller calculates the maximum achievable data rate for PIN PD based on (13). Meanwhile, the optimal transmittance of the VOA is calculated based on (19) or (27) and the corresponding maximum achievable data rate of the SPAD array is calculated using (28). By comparing the maximum achievable data rates of the SPAD array and PD, the best operation mode can be determined.…”

Section: Implementation Of the Hybrid Receivermentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Recently, the design of optical sensors with both PD and SPAD modes have been proposed mainly for imaging applications [18]- [20]. Particularly, in [19] an array of 64 pixels is presented in which the linear and single-photon operations are combined at the pixel level to improve the dynamic range. Each individual pixel can alternatively switch between these modes according to the applied voltage signal; however, the reported bandwidth and photon detection probability (PDP) is quite limited and the complex circuit design also results in a low fill factor.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Note that (28) requires ξ * < N hνln 2P R +P b P b /2τ d Υ PDE P R and both derived VOA transmittance values (19) and (27) satisfy this condition.…”

mentioning

confidence: 95%

“…By substituting the determined transmittance of the VOA (19) or (27) into (17) and considering a BER target of P e,th , after some mathematical manipulations, the maximum achievable data rate of the SPAD array can be written as…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Hybrid SPAD/PD Receiver for Reliable Free-Space Optical Communication

Huang

Safari

2020

IEEE Open J. Commun. Soc.

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Free-space optical (FSO) communication provides wireless optical connectivity with high data rates and low-cost implementation; however, its performance is strongly influenced by the power attenuation due to the infrequent adverse weather conditions. This paper proposes a novel highly sensitive dual-mode receiver comprising an array of single-photon avalanche diodes (SPADs) and a PIN photodiode (PD) to enhance the availability of FSO links. In adverse weather conditions, the receiver operates in the SPADmode; whereas, in the clear weather conditions, the receiver works in the PD-mode. A hybrid receiver controller is employed in the proposed receiver to adaptively control the switching process based on the received light levels. The adaptive controller also adjusts the incident photon rate of the SPAD array using a variable optical attenuator (VOA) to optimize the performance of the SPAD unit. Our extensive performance analysis illustrates the superior achievable data rates of the proposed receiver under various weather conditions compared to the traditional FSO receivers with either PD or SPAD array.

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“…3. Considering that the transmittance of the VOA is limited up to 1, the optimal ξ which minimizes the BER, denoted as ξ * , can hence be written as (19).…”

Section: B Performance Of the Spad Arraymentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Implementation Of the Hybrid Receivermentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Note that (28) requires ξ * < N hνln 2P R +P b P b /2τ d Υ PDE P R and both derived VOA transmittance values (19) and (27) satisfy this condition.…”

mentioning

confidence: 95%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Hybrid SPAD/PD Receiver for Reliable Free-Space Optical Communication

Huang

Safari

2020

IEEE Open J. Commun. Soc.

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Frontiers and challenges in silicon-based single-photon avalanche diodes and key readout circuits

Liu,

Wang,

Gao

et al. 2024

Microelectronics Journal

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Fully-Integrated Dickson Converters for Single Photon Avalanche Diode Arrays

Kennedy

Morrison

Delic³

et al. 2021

IEEE Access

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This paper presents a novel low EMI technique to regulate the output voltage of fullyintegrated switched capacitor Dickson type step-up DC/DC converters for SPAD arrays implemented in the Silterra 0.13 µm HV-CMOS process. SPAD sensors are extremely sensitive to EMI and therefore require careful biasing. This design utilises current sources to limit the current flow into the flying capacitors altering the converter ratio and reduces the discontinuous pulse currents associated with capacitive converters. A variable voltage-controlled reference current enables output voltage regulation. The proposed four stage converter boosts 3.3 V up to an adjustable 15 V output voltage. A typical Dickson converter regulated by frequency control and the proposed current controlled converter were designed and manufactured to compare performance. Measurements confirm that the proposed design reduces the output ripple by more than 2 V when compared to the typical converter. The inclusion of the proposed voltage regulation technique reduces EMI which enables this fully-integrated Dickson charge pump to bias sensor arrays where the noise typically produced by these converters currently restricts or prohibits their use.INDEX TERMS SPAD sensors arrays, integrated charge-pump, current control, voltage regulation, monolithic switched-capacitor dc-dc converters, switching noise, Dickson charge pump.

show abstract

Combined In-Pixel Linear and Single-Photon Avalanche Diode Operation With Integrated Biasing for Wide-Dynamic-Range Optical Sensing

Cited by 23 publications

References 39 publications

Hybrid SPAD/PD Receiver for Reliable Free-Space Optical Communication

Hybrid SPAD/PD Receiver for Reliable Free-Space Optical Communication

Frontiers and challenges in silicon-based single-photon avalanche diodes and key readout circuits

Fully-Integrated Dickson Converters for Single Photon Avalanche Diode Arrays

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