Combined Immunosuppressive Therapy With Cyclosporin a and Azathioprine

Mycophenolate Mofetil, Azathioprine and Cyclophosphamide Enhanced Efficacy Combined with Cyclosporine in Rat Cardiac Transplantation

“…After the initial euphoria in the early 1980s occasioned by the introduction of cyclosporin A (CyA) for base-line immunosuppression, it soon became apparent that alternative or adjunctive immunosuppressive drugs were necessary to further improve the outcome of clinical organ transplantation [1,2]. Moreover, attempts were made to contend with the problem of the nephrotoxicity of CyA treatment by reducing the CyA dosage in multiple immunosuppressive drug regimens [3][4][5].…”

Kidney and Pancreas Transplantation for Diabetes: the History of Surgical Techniques and Immunosuppression

“…She eventually went back on hemodialysis 8 years later and died in June 1992 while waiting for a second kidney transplant. The choice of the surgical technique and IS was based on animal experiments [29][30][31][32] but also on the fact that segmental pancreas transplantation was more popular during that period. Exocrine secretion of segmental grafts drained directly into the bladder, as first described by Sollinger et al [26].…”

“…Due to the large dose of CsA used as a single agent and its nephrotoxicity, Starzl et al proposed to combined reduced doses of CsA with steroids [43]. Further decreased in CsA dosages by using the synergistic effect of combining CsA to Aza was proposed by Squifflet et al based on animals experiments [29,44]. Triple drugs combining CsA, Aza and Steroids and later on quadruple drugs regimen with a short course induction of polyclonal Antibodies was the mainstay IS regimen during the next decade [21].…”

The History of Kidney Transplantation: Past, Present and Future (with Special References to the Belgian History)

“…B u t , l i m i t a t i o n s o f B I S a n d electroencephelography are well known, the last one being the worst traditionally recommended tool for BD confirmation (Guerit, 2004) 35 (Guerit, 2006) 36 . Nevertheless, if these observed changes were not due to artefact, dosing of hypnotic or anaesthetic drugs might be warranted (Auyong et al, 2010) 37 . Moreover, it will open doors for recovering more DCD organs including hearts for transplantation.…”