Combined effects of spray-drying conditions and postdrying storage time and temperature on <i>Salmonella choleraesuis</i>
 and <i>Salmonella typhimurium</i>
 survival when inoculated in liquid porcine plasma

Blázquez, Elena; Rodrı́guez, Carmen; Ródenas, Jesús; Saborido, Neus; Solà-Ginés, Marc; Rozas, Ana Pérez de; Campbell, Joy; Segalés, Joaquím; Pujols, Joan; Polo, Javier

doi:10.1111/lam.13017

Cited by 5 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…Several viruses of concern to the swine industry, including the Porcine respiratory and reproductive syndrome virus (PRRSV), Pseudorabies virus (PRV), and Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV), have been shown to be effectively inactivated by spray-drying [9][10][11][12], as well as bacteria such as Escherichia coli or Salmonella enterica [7,8].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Liquid plasma is then concentrated and spray-dried at 80˚C throughout its substance to produce SDPP [3,4]. Spray-drying involves very rapid desiccation of the liquid [5], results in a dried powder with low moisture (< 9%) and very low water activity (aw < 0.6), which has a detrimental effect on bacteria and virus survivability, as has been shown for multiple bacteria and viruses of interest in swine industry [6][7][8][9][10][11][12]. Furthermore, some microorganisms, especially bacteria and enveloped viruses, are not able to survive for a prolonged time in dried materials like SDPP with very low water activity [3,5,8,12,13].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Spray-drying involves very rapid desiccation of the liquid [5], results in a dried powder with low moisture (< 9%) and very low water activity (aw < 0.6), which has a detrimental effect on bacteria and virus survivability, as has been shown for multiple bacteria and viruses of interest in swine industry [6][7][8][9][10][11][12]. Furthermore, some microorganisms, especially bacteria and enveloped viruses, are not able to survive for a prolonged time in dried materials like SDPP with very low water activity [3,5,8,12,13]. Therefore, a minimum post-drying period of 14 days at 20˚C has been established as processing standards of the European Animal Protein Association (EAPA) (EAPA Code of Practice, https://www.eapa.biz/quality-safety) and been adopted by most SDPP manufacturers.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Inactivation of African swine fever virus inoculated in liquid plasma by spray drying and storage for 14 days at 4°C or 20°C

Blázquez,

Pujols,

Segalés

et al. 2023

PLoS ONE

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African swine fever virus (ASFV) is a dsDNA virus that can cause high mortality in pigs of all ages. Spray-dried porcine plasma (SDPP) is a highly digestible ingredient used in feed because it benefits performance, gut function and immunity. The objectives were to test if the spray-drying (SD) conditions along with post-drying storage of product for 14 days can inactivate ASFV inoculated in liquid plasma. Fresh liquid porcine plasma was inoculated with ASFV (BA71V) to a final concentration of 105.18 ±0.08 TCID50/mL of liquid plasma. Triplicate 2-L samples of spiked plasma were SD in a lab drier set at an outlet temperature of 80°C or 71°C. The final dried samples were stored at 4°C or 20°C for 14 d. Liquid and SD samples were analyzed for ASFV infectivity in two mirror 24-well plaques containing VERO cells monolayers. Wells were inoculated with different dilutions of SDPP dissolved 1:9 in PBS. One plaque was immediately frozen at -80°C and the other was incubated at 37°C for 3 d. Each dilution was replicated 9 times. After incubation both plaques were analyzed for ASFV by qRT-PCR. Results indicated that the SD process inactivated between 3.2 to 4.2 Logs ASFV TCID50/mL and 2.53 to 2.75 Logs TCID50/mL when the outlet temperature were 80°C and 71°C respectively. All SD samples stored at 4°C or 20°C for 14 d were absent of infectious ASFV. The combination of SD and post drying storage at both temperatures for 14 d was able to inactive >5.18 ±0.08 Log10 of ASFV inoculated in liquid porcine plasma, demonstrating that the manufacturing process for SDPP can be considered safe regarding ASFV.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Inactivation of African swine fever virus inoculated in liquid plasma by spray drying and storage for 14 days at 4°C or 20°C

Blázquez,

Pujols,

Segalés

et al. 2023

PLoS ONE

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“…Spray-drying as an intrinsic safety step in the manufacturing process of SDPP has been shown effective to inactivate different viruses of concern for the swine industry including porcine respiratory and reproductive syndrome virus (PRRSV), pseudorabies virus (PRV), swine vesicular disease virus and porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) [ 18 , 27 – 29 ] as well as bacteria such as Escherichia coli or Salmonella enterica [ 30 , 31 ]. Pathogen inactivation by spray drying occurs due to the combination of rapid desiccation at high temperature [ 19 ], that results in damage to the cytoplasmic membrane [ 32 , 33 ], damage to genetic material and inactivation of other proteins including enzymes [ 33 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of spray-drying and ultraviolet C radiation as biosafety steps for CSFV and ASFV inactivation in porcine plasma

et al. 2021

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Spray-dried animal plasma (SDAP) is widely used in diets of domestic animals to improve health status and increase growth and feed efficiency. Individual steps in the SDAP manufacturing process, including spray-drying, have been validated to inactivate potential pathogens. Manufacturing standards have established a minimum exit temperature of 80°C and a minimum post-drying storage period of 14 days at 20°C for production of SDAP. Also, UV-C irradiation has been evaluated as another inactivation step that could be included in the manufacturing process. The aim of this study was to assess the inactivation effectiveness of spray-drying on Classical swine fever virus (CSFV) and African swine fever virus (ASFV) and the effect of UV-C inactivation on ASFV as redundant biosafety steps of the manufacturing process for producing spray-dried porcine plasma (SDPP). This study demonstrated that UV-C treatment of liquid porcine plasma can inactivate more than 4 Log10 TCID50/mL of ASFV at 3000 J/L. Spray-drying effectively inactivated at least 4 Log10 TCID50/mL of both CSFV and ASFV. Incorporating UV-C technology within the SDAP manufacturing process can add another biosafety step to further enhance product safety.

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“…Many experiments of deliberated inoculation of pathogens in plasma have demonstrated that spray-drying is a very effective technology to inactivate important pathogens of interest in the swine industry. Pathogen inactivation results from studies using spray drying of plasma inoculated with Salmonella enterica [ 28 , 29 ] , E.coli enterotoxigenic strains [ 30 ], Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) [ 31 ] , Pseudorabies virus (PRV) [ 31 ] , Swine vesicular disease virus (SVDV) [ 32 ], Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) [ 33 , 34 ] or African swine fever virus (ASFV) [ 35 ] are summarized in Table 1 . Furthermore, in Table 2 results from other studies are summarized demonstrating the lack of pathogen transmission in pigs provided feed with SDP containing virus genome.…”

Section: Industrial Production Of Spray-dried Plasma and Its Biosafetmentioning

confidence: 99%

Biosafety steps in the manufacturing process of spray-dried plasma: a review with emphasis on the use of ultraviolet irradiation as a redundant biosafety procedure

et al. 2020

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Spray dried plasma (SDP) is a functional protein source obtained from blood of healthy animals, approved by the veterinary authorities from animals declared to be fit for slaughter for human consumption. Blood of these animals is collected at the slaughterhouse, treated with an anticoagulant, chilled and transported to industrial facilities in which blood is centrifuged to separate the red blood cells from the plasma fraction. Plasma is then concentrated, and spray dried at high temperatures (80°C throughout its substance) to convert it in a powder. Such method preserves the biological activity of its proteins, mainly albumins and globulins. SDP is mainly used in pig feed diets to significantly improve daily gain, feed intake, production efficiency, and to reduce post-weaning lag caused by the appearance of post-weaning diarrhea. Although SDP is considered a safe product and its manufacturing process consists of several biosafety steps, the security of the SDP is often questioned due to its nature as raw blood by-product, especially when emergent or re-emergent pathogens appear. This review provides an evaluation and validation of the different safety steps present in the manufacturing process of SDP, with special focus on a new redundant pathogen inactivation step, the UV-C irradiation, that may be implemented in the manufacturing process of the SDP. Overall results showed that the manufacturing process of SDP is safe and the UV-C radiation was effective in inactivating a wide range of bacteria and viruses spiked and naturally present in commercially collected liquid animal plasma and it can be implemented as a redundant biosafety step in the manufacturing process of the SDP. Background Spray-dried plasma (SDP) is a functional protein source obtained from blood of healthy animals approved to be sacrificed for human consumption after veterinary inspection. Blood of these animals is collected at the slaughterhouse, treated with an anticoagulant, chilled and transported to industrial facilities where the blood is centrifuged to separate the red blood cells (RBC) from the plasma fraction. Alternatively, the blood may be centrifuged in the abattoir and then the chilled plasma transported to the manufacturing plant. Plasma is subsequently concentrated either by membrane filtration or vacuum evaporation and spray-dried at high temperatures (80°C throughout its substance) to convert it to powder. This process preserves the biological activity of

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Combined effects of spray-drying conditions and postdrying storage time and temperature on Salmonella choleraesuis and Salmonella typhimurium survival when inoculated in liquid porcine plasma

Cited by 5 publications

References 26 publications

Inactivation of African swine fever virus inoculated in liquid plasma by spray drying and storage for 14 days at 4°C or 20°C

Inactivation of African swine fever virus inoculated in liquid plasma by spray drying and storage for 14 days at 4°C or 20°C

Effect of spray-drying and ultraviolet C radiation as biosafety steps for CSFV and ASFV inactivation in porcine plasma

Biosafety steps in the manufacturing process of spray-dried plasma: a review with emphasis on the use of ultraviolet irradiation as a redundant biosafety procedure

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