Combined effects of leg length discrepancy and the addition of distal mass on gait asymmetry

Muratagic, Haris; Ramakrishnan, Tyagi; Reed, Kyle B.

doi:10.1016/j.gaitpost.2017.09.012

Cited by 10 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 30 publications

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“…There was not a statistically significant interaction between the amount of mass added and amount of added leg length, F (4, 36) = 0.20, p = 0.49. This is similar to the effects observed in our lab's previous study (Muratagic et al, 2017 ). Further, the post-hoc comparisons for mass revealed significant difference between no mass and both small and large mass conditions.…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 93%

“…This kind of behavior is illustrated with the different perturbations and hence, these opposite effects tend to cancel each other out which results in a lower CGAM value. A previous study conducted by Muratagic et al ( 2017 ) found that there were no significant effects observed due to the combination of LLD and distal. However, the study also observed some cancellation effects due to the combination of LLD and mass which showed that there are potential combinations that could result in a balanced gait pattern.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 85%

“…The subject's walking speeds were determined by a 10 m walk test after which the height, weight, leg length, and age of each individual participant were recorded. The participants were put through a series of randomized increments of leg lengths, addition of masses at distal end, and a combination of both effects on the same leg, which was the left leg in all cases (Muratagic et al, 2017 ). Table 2 shows the various perturbations of the experiment.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In addition to these changes, the subject's normal walking pattern was recorded before and after all the perturbations. The leg length and mass changes were added to the non-dominant leg of the subject to compound the asymmetric effect (Muratagic et al, 2017 ).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Comparing Gait with Multiple Physical Asymmetries Using Consolidated Metrics

2018

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Physical changes such as leg length discrepancy, the addition of a mass at the distal end of the leg, the use of a prosthetic, and stroke frequently result in an asymmetric gait. This paper presents a metric that can potentially serve as a benchmark to categorize and differentiate between multiple asymmetric bipedal gaits. The combined gait asymmetry metric (CGAM) is based on modified Mahalanobis distances, and it utilizes the asymmetries of gait parameters obtained from motion capture and force data recorded during human walking. The gait parameters that were used in this analysis represent spatio-temporal, kinematic, and kinetic parameters. This form of a consolidated metric will help researchers identify overall gait asymmetry by showing them if the overall gait symmetry is improving and avoid the case where one parameter's symmetry is improving while another is getting worse. The CGAM metric successfully served as a measure for overall symmetry with eleven different gait parameters and successfully showed differences among gait with multiple physical asymmetries. The results showed that mass at the distal end had a larger magnitude on overall gait asymmetry compared to leg length discrepancy. It also showed that the combined effects are varied based on the cancelation effect between gait parameters. The metric was also successful in delineating the differences of prosthetic gait and able-bodied gait at three different walking velocities.

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 93%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 85%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Comparing Gait with Multiple Physical Asymmetries Using Consolidated Metrics

2018

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“…Furthermore, when comparing the stress response between the longer limb and lower limb, the longer limb generally experiences more force hence the maximum stress built-up on the pelvic bone is higher, which leads to a slightly higher fracture risk compared to the shorter limb. The trend of longer limb experiencing greater force than the other limb is supported by findings from Muratagic et al [22], which found an identical trend in terms of force experienced by the limbs. Moving forward, when the stress-strain response increases in its maximum value due to having LLD, there is a concern if the high-er stress caused by having LLD will increase the chance of getting a bone fracture at the pelvic region.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 58%

Finite Element Analysis on Pelvis With Leg Length Inequality

Othman¹,

HS²,

Basaruddin³

et al. 2018

IJET

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Leg length inequality, also known as leg length discrepancy (LLD) is a condition which the left and right legs of an individual are noticeably different in length. When the level of LLD is high, such as those of 20 mm and above, it would disturb the wellbeing of an individual in terms of gait, and also causes them to experience higher stress in their pelvis compared to individual without LLD. In order to study load due to LLD had affects human bones such as the pelvic bone, finite element analysis (FEA) approach is usually used as it allows limitless attempt to investigate the stress-strain response on human bones and is far more practical than experimenting on real bones, therefore FEA was done with by using ANSYS 15.0. From the data obtained via FEA, the risk of fracture can be calculated, which gives us an insight on how would LLD affects the risk of bone fracture. In this study the effect of pelvic tilt caused by LLD has been studied, along with how loads at various LLD level affects the pelvic bone. The verdict from the study is the pelvic tilt caused by LLD amplifies the maximum stress and strain on the pelvic bone. The analysis using hip load due to LLD shows a downtrend for the maximum stress caused by the longer limb as the level of LLD increases, while the maximum stress caused by the shorter limb shows an uptrend with the increment of LLD. The maximum stress and strain observed are usually distributed around the sacroiliac joint. It is also observed that the higher the level of LLD is, the higher the maximum stress on pelvic bone will become, hence the higher the fracture risk.

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Bifurcation and Chaotic Behaviors of a Passive Bipedal Walker with Leg Length Discrepancy and Unequal Leg Mass

Lee

Park

2023

Int. J. Precis. Eng. Manuf.

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Combined effects of leg length discrepancy and the addition of distal mass on gait asymmetry

Cited by 10 publications

References 30 publications

Comparing Gait with Multiple Physical Asymmetries Using Consolidated Metrics

Comparing Gait with Multiple Physical Asymmetries Using Consolidated Metrics

Finite Element Analysis on Pelvis With Leg Length Inequality

Bifurcation and Chaotic Behaviors of a Passive Bipedal Walker with Leg Length Discrepancy and Unequal Leg Mass

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