“…However, the potential effects of MPs in combination with commonly found water contaminants, such as pesticides, herbicides, heavy metals, and micropollutants, remain unclear (Aliko et al, 2022; Arif et al, 2022; Banaee et al, 2022; Gu et al, 2020; Ravi et al, 2023). Given that MPs are suspected to interact with hydrophobic substances, potentially acting as vectors and leading to increased contaminant accumulation, the potential influence of MPs on waterborne caffeine warrants investigation (Amelia et al, 2021; Burgos‐Aceves et al, 2022; de Sá et al, 2018; Menéndez‐Pedriza & Jaumot, 2020; Pastorino et al, 2023). Previous combined exposures of bivalve mollusks to MPs and various organic substances have demonstrated multistress effects distinct from single exposures (González‐Soto et al, 2019; Martyniuk et al, 2023; Martyniuk, Gylytė, et al, 2022; Martyniuk, Khoma, et al, 2022; Syberg et al, 2017).…”