“…For example, the extensive usage of natural (fine and course) aggregate is one of the main reasons for the scarcity of natural aggregates in many countries around the world [4]. Furthermore, the cement industry consumes high energy as well as emits a high amount of CO2 into the atmosphere [5][6][7][8][9][10]. The cement industry contributes about 7% of carbon dioxide production worldwide [11][12][13][14][15].…”
The version presented here may differ from the published version or from the version of the record. Please see the repository URL above for details on accessing the published version and note that access may require a subscription.
“…For example, the extensive usage of natural (fine and course) aggregate is one of the main reasons for the scarcity of natural aggregates in many countries around the world [4]. Furthermore, the cement industry consumes high energy as well as emits a high amount of CO2 into the atmosphere [5][6][7][8][9][10]. The cement industry contributes about 7% of carbon dioxide production worldwide [11][12][13][14][15].…”
The version presented here may differ from the published version or from the version of the record. Please see the repository URL above for details on accessing the published version and note that access may require a subscription.
“…Where previous work [28] has shown that the use of supplementary cementitious materials (SCM) can increase the service life of bridges in addition to reducing carbon dioxide emissions by reducing the cement content. Accordingly, the authors recommend investigating the effect of SCM such as fly ash, ground granulated blast furnace slag, metakaolin, silica fume, rice husks ash, waste paper, [29], [30], [39], [40], [31]- [38] and other SCMs [41]- [45] commonly used as substitutes for the cement to investigate their impact on the service life of bridges and thus including them in future structures. In addition to that, the use of industrial waste or by-products [33], [46], [55]- [59], [47]- [54] is considered a worthy topic in improving concrete technology in general from an environmental perspective and towards sustainability.…”
The concrete structures deterioration in the last few decades required effective methods for evaluating and maintaining the structure condition. Currently, assessing the performance and safety of reinforced concrete (RC) structures relies on routine-based visual inspection (VI). However, there are another non-destructive test (NDT) technique that can provide a more accurate assessment of the structures. Thus, in this study, a footbridge located in Liverpool, UK is chosen as a case study and has NDT techniques used for assessment. The main objective of this research is to determine the condition of structural bridge components and investigate its level of defect and deterioration using non-destructive tests. The methodologies involved are visual inspection, and NDT techniques include the rebound hammer, cover meter, Moisture Content & Depth of Carbonation Testing, Chloride Testing and Half Cell Test. The framework, when implemented with the best selection of NDT techniques, helps in determining the level of defect and deterioration of the structural bridge components and next recommendation regarding the condition of the bridge. The involved bridge structural components include column, deck, wall and staircase. Findings from the visual inspection show that there were many defects and deteriorations found at the structural bridge components, which includes crack, spalling, and delamination and rusting. Further, NDT techniques that were carried out at the selected bridge structural part shows that some of the components exhibited a moderate risk of corrosion and acceptable concrete surface quality. In general, further maintenance is needed specifically to some critical structural components of the bridge.
“…The main aim of using GGBFS and CKD as cement replacement materials is to reduce the environmental burden of cement manufacturing. For example, the cement industry consumes high energy as well as emits a high amount of CO 2 into the atmosphere [2] , [3] , [4] , [5] , [6] , [7] . The cement industry contributes about 7% of CO 2 production worldwide [8] , [9] , [10] , [11] , [12] , [13] .…”
Section: Experimental Design Materials and Methodsmentioning
The development in the construction sector and population growth requires an increase in the consumption of construction materials, mainly concrete. Cement is the binder in concrete, so increasing cement production will increase the energy consumed, as well as in the emission of carbon dioxide. This harmful effect of the environment led to the search for alternative materials for cement, as the waste or by-products of other industries is a promising solution in this case. Among these common materials are ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS) and cement kiln dust (CKD). This dataset describes the compressive strength and ultrasonic pulse velocity of mortar consisted of high content of GGBS and CKD combinations as a partial substitute for cement (up to 80%) at the ages of 1, 2, 3, 7, 14, 21, 28, 56, 90 and 550 days. This dataset can help the researchers to understand the behaviour of GGBS and CKD in high replacement levels for cement during early (1 day) and later ages (550 days). According to this understanding, the authors believe that the data available here can be used to produce more environmentally friendly mortar or concrete mixtures by significantly reducing the amount of cement used by replacing it with waste or by-products of other industries.
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